Design of Fear and Anxiety of COVID-19 Assessment Tool in Spanish Adult Population

Gómez‐Salgado, Juan; Allande‐Cussó, Regina; Domínguez-Salas, Sara; García-Iglesias, Juan Jesús; Coronado-Vázquez, Valle; Ruiz‐Frutos, Carlos

doi:10.3390/brainsci11030328

Cited by 19 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…With regard to the study at hand, it is planned to re-measure the results after the pandemic progresses and compare them with the effects in the first phase (data from this study). A short questionnaire has been validated in the Spanish population that measures fear of and anxiety to COVID-19 [65], which is planned to be implemented in Peru and other Latin American countries, once adapted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health in Peru: Psychological Distress

et al. 2021

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This pandemic has been classified as a “psychological pandemic” that produces anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and sleep disorders. As the mental health effects of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, continue to unfold, there are still large knowledge gaps about the variables that predispose individuals to, or protect individuals against the disease. However, there are few publications on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of citizens in Latin American countries. In this study, the effects that COVID-19 had on citizens of Peru have been described. For this, 1699 questionnaires, collected between 2 April and 2 September 2020, were analyzed. Descriptive, bivariate analysis was performed with odds ratio (OR) calculations and a data mining methodology. Sociodemographic variables (from the General Health Questionnaire), health conditions and perception, symptoms, and variables related to contact and preventive measures regarding COVID-19 were analyzed. As compared to other countries, less affectation of mental health and increased use of preventive measures were observed. It has been suggested that the country’s precarious health system and poverty rates prior to the pandemic may justify higher mortality figures in Peru than in other Latin American countries, despite prompt action for its containment and compliance with the protective measures. Psychological distress had a greater incidence in women, young people, people without a partner, and people without university studies. The most significant conditioning variables were self-perceived health status, headache or muscle pain over the past 14 days, level of studies, and age. The extensive use of preventive measures against COVID-19 is in line with the strict legislative measures taken, and this is, in turn, in line with other countries when looking at the lower effect on mental health, but contrary when focusing on the high lethality identified. The need to include the economy or availability and quality of healthcare in future studies arises, as well as the suitability to analyze the cause for differences between countries.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health in Peru: Psychological Distress

et al. 2021

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“…In this context, new instruments that measure fear and anxiety towards COVID-19 have been proposed, such as the short questionnaire validated in the Spanish population [ 43 ], which facilitate the rapid and reliable evaluation of the presence of anxiety and fear of COVID-19, and thus allow to obtain results in order to implement public health improvement plans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological distress during the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador: Cross-sectional study

et al. 2021

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Background The effects of the COVID 19 pandemic on the mental health of citizens from Asia, Europe, or North America begin to be known, but there are fewer publications on its effects in Latin American countries. In this study, its impact in Ecuador is described, with data collected during the first phase of the pandemic. The objective of this study was to analyse the level of psychological distress in the population of Ecuador during the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods and findings Cross-sectional observational study. The questionnaires were collected through an online self-developed questionnaire, between April 2 and May 17, 2020, using the non-probabilistic sampling methodology: snowball method. The variables considered were sociodemographic variables, physical symptoms, health status, COVID-19 contact history, preventive measures, and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). The percentage with high psychological distress (PD) (GHQ-12 ≥ 3) has been somewhat lower than that found in Europe, being women, young people, people with higher level of education, living without a partner, not living with children or children under 16 years of age, and with worse perception of health the groups with the highest PD. Differences have been observed with European studies regarding common symptoms, preventive measures to avoid contagion, percentage of infected relatives, or diagnostic tests performed. Conclusions The use of the same research instrument, validated in Europe and adapted to Ecuador, has facilitated the comparison of the found results and differences, which can be explained by socio-economic or cultural variables, the health system, level of information, or by preventive measures put in place to prevent the pandemic.

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“…22 The response options of the AMICO scale range from 1 to 10 points, where 1 corresponds to 'strongly disagree' and 10 to 'strongly agree'. 22 On the other hand, for the present study, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, in its Spanish validated version, 24 was also used as a method of comparison with a gold standard. 25 This scale is widely used to assess the level of anxiety in the adult population.…”

Section: Instrumentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…21 In a previous study, our research team designed the Escala de evaluación de la Ansiedad y MIedo a COVID-19 (AMICO) scale and made the cross-cultural adaptation. 22 The design of this tool was based on the initial 10 items that were evaluated by a panel of experts in the study by Ahorsu et al 12 Unlike the FCV-19 scale, the AMICO scale incorporated eight new items that also measured the presence of COVID-19 specific anxiety, as the aim of the research team was to incorporate the construct of anxiety, in addition to fear, into the scale. Thus, the instrument consists of 16 items, and proved to be reliable as a screening tool.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and criterion validity of the COVID-19 anxiety and fear assessment scale: a cross sectional study

et al. 2021

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Background: The emergence of the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which causes COVID-19 disease, has been a major public health challenge and an increase in the feeling of uncertainty of the population, who is also experiencing an increase in levels of anxiety and fear regarding the COVID-19 disease. Objective: The objective of the study was the construct and criterion validation of the Escala de evaluación de la Ansiedad y MIedo a COVID-19 (AMICO, for its acronym in Spanish) to measure both constructs in the general Spanish population Methods: Descriptive study of psychometric validation. A field study was carried out to execute univariate and bivariate analyses, in addition to the exploratory and confirmatory factorial analysis of the scale. For the criteria validity study, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory ( STAI) and sensitivity and specificity values were calculated. Results: The study sample was composed of 1036 subjects over 18 years of age, who resided in Spain, where 56.3% were women with a mean age of 48.11 years (SD = 15.13). The study of construct validity reported two factors and 16 items, with a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.92. The scale was concurrently valid with the used gold standard and obtained sensitivity values of 90.48% and specificity values of 76%. Conclusions: The AMICO scale is valid and reliable for assessing the level of anxiety and fear of COVID-19 in the adult Spanish population and is highly sensitive.

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Design of Fear and Anxiety of COVID-19 Assessment Tool in Spanish Adult Population

Cited by 19 publications

References 31 publications

Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health in Peru: Psychological Distress

Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health in Peru: Psychological Distress

Psychological distress during the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador: Cross-sectional study

Development and criterion validity of the COVID-19 anxiety and fear assessment scale: a cross sectional study

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