Design of Experiment on Concrete Mechanical Properties Prediction: A Critical Review

Chong, Beng Wei; Othman, Rokiah; Jaya, Ramadhansyah Putra; Hasan, Mohd Rosli Mohd; Sandu, Andrei Victor; Nabiałek, M.; Jeż, B.; Kwiatkowski, D.; Postawa, P.; Abdullah, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri

doi:10.3390/ma14081866

Cited by 43 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…The foamed concrete mix design is commonly determined based on a trial and error approach [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]. The design of the experiment based on empirical or computational modelling [ 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 ] and statistical methods approaches have been implemented to analyze multifactor experiments and the model used in the prediction of compressive strength of foamed concrete with minimal mean square errors and standard deviation. In addition, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to ascertain the influence of different factors on the various properties to get the optimal conditions for the target value, and the multiple regression approach is used to develop empirical relationships that are used for the mix design [ 49 , 50 , 51 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relation between Density and Compressive Strength of Foamed Concrete

et al. 2021

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This study aims to obtain the relationship between density and compressive strength of foamed concrete. Foamed concrete is a preferred building material due to the low density of its concrete. In foamed concrete, the compressive strength reduces with decreasing density. Generally, a denser foamed concrete produces higher compressive strength and lower volume of voids. In the present study, the tests were carried out in stages in order to investigate the effect of sand–cement ratio, water to cement ratio, foam dosage, and dilution ratio on workability, density, and compressive strength of the control foamed concrete specimen. Next, the test obtained the optimum content of processed spent bleaching earth (PSBE) as partial cement replacement in the foamed concrete. Based on the experimental results, the use of 1:1.5 cement to sand ratio for the mortar mix specified the best performance for density, workability, and 28-day compressive strength. Increasing the sand to cement ratio increased the density and compressive strength of the mortar specimen. In addition, in the production of control foamed concrete, increasing the foam dosage reduced the density and compressive strength of the control specimen. Similarly with the dilution ratio, the compressive strength of the control foamed concrete decreased with an increasing dilution ratio. The employment of PSBE significantly influenced the density and compressive strength of the foamed concrete. An increase in the percentage of PSBE reduced the density of the foamed concrete. The compressive strength of the foamed concrete that incorporated PSBE increased with increasing PSBE content up to 30% PSBE. In conclusion, the compressive strength of foamed concrete depends on its density. It was revealed that the use of 30% PSBE as a replacement for cement meets the desired density of 1600 kg/m3, with stability and consistency in workability, and it increases the compressive strength dramatically from 10 to 23 MPa as compared to the control specimen. Thus, it demonstrated that the positive effect of incorporation of PSBE in foamed concrete is linked to the pozzolanic effect whereby more calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) produces denser foamed concrete, which leads to higher strength, and it is less pore connected. In addition, the regression analysis shows strong correlation between density and compressive strength of the foamed concrete due to the R2 being closer to one. Thus, production of foamed concrete incorporating 30% PSBE might have potential for sustainable building materials.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relation between Density and Compressive Strength of Foamed Concrete

et al. 2021

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“…Over several years, OPC has been extensively employed globally as a binder to manufacture concrete and an assortment of edifice materials. However, it is a scientifically proven fact that the contemporary production process is highly energy intensive with necessitating elevated temperatures of about 1450 to 1550 • C and, more importantly, not an ecobenevolent one since it causes grave environmental pollution through the emission of a substantial quantity of greenhouse gases (GHG) [1][2][3][4][5]. Unfortunately, OPC production alone is blamed for virtually 6 to 7% of total CO 2 emissions-a primary GHG, as estimated by International Energy Agency (IEA) [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Suitability of Ceramic Waste in Geopolymer Composites: An Appraisal

Luhar

Abdullah

et al. 2021

Materials

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Currently, novel inorganic alumino-silicate materials, known as geopolymer composites, have emerged swiftly as an ecobenevolent alternative to contemporary ordinary Portland cement (OPC) building materials since they display superior physical and chemical attributes with a diverse range of possible potential applications. The said innovative geopolymer technology necessitates less energy and low carbon footprints as compared to OPC-based materials because of the incorporation of wastes and/or industrial byproducts as binders replacing OPC. The key constituents of ceramic are silica and alumina and, hence, have the potential to be employed as an aggregate to manufacture ceramic geopolymer concrete. The present manuscript presents a review of the performance of geopolymer composites incorporated with ceramic waste, concerning workability, strength, durability, and elevated resistance evaluation.

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“…In the same context, Gao et al [ 46 ] employed RSM to maximise the compressive strength of alkali-activated slag under different ratios of liquid to solid concentrations and alkali activator. Other predictions and optimisation models are also available in the present literature [ 47 , 48 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimisation of GBFS, Fly Ash, and Nano-Silica Contents in Alkali-Activated Mortars

et al. 2021

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Although free-cement-based alkali-activated paste, mortar, and concrete have been recognised as sustainable and environmental-friendly materials, a considerable amount of effort is still being channeled to ascertain the best binary or ternary binders that would satisfy the requirements of strength and durability as well as environmental aspects. In this study, the mechanical properties of alkali-activated mortar (AAM) made with binary binders, involving fly ash (FA) and granulated blast-furnace slag (GBFS) as well as bottle glass waste nano-silica powder (BGWNP), were opti-mised using both experimentally and optimisation modelling through three scenarios. In the first scenario, the addition of BGWNP varied from 5% to 20%, while FA and GBFS were kept constant (30:70). In the second and third scenarios, BGWNP (5–20%) was added as the partial replacement of FA and GBFS, separately. The results show that the combination of binary binders (FA and GBFS) and BGWNP increased AAM’s strength compared to that of the control mixture for all scenarios. In addition, the findings also demonstrated that the replacement of FA by BGWNP was the most significant, while the effect of GBFS replacement by BGWNP was less significant. In particular, the highest improvement in compressive strength was recorded when FA, GBFS, and BGWNP were 61.6%, 30%, and 8.4%, respectively. Furthermore, the results of ANOVA (p values < 0.0001 and high F-values) as well as several statistical validation methods (R > 0.9, RAE < 0.1, RSE < 0.013, and RRSE < 0.116) confirmed that all the models were robust, reliable, and significant. Similarly, the data variation was found to be less than 5%, and the difference between the predicted R2 and adj. R2 was very small (<0.2), thus confirming that the proposed non-linear quadratic equations had the capability to predict for further observation. In conclusion, the use of BGWNP in AAM could act as a beneficial and sustainable strategy, not only to address environmental issues (e.g., landfill) but to also enhance strength properties.

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Design of Experiment on Concrete Mechanical Properties Prediction: A Critical Review

Cited by 43 publications

References 75 publications

Relation between Density and Compressive Strength of Foamed Concrete

Relation between Density and Compressive Strength of Foamed Concrete

Assessment of the Suitability of Ceramic Waste in Geopolymer Composites: An Appraisal

Optimisation of GBFS, Fly Ash, and Nano-Silica Contents in Alkali-Activated Mortars

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