Design of double functionalized carbon nanotube for amphotericin B and genetic material delivery

Abstract

In the present work, single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) were successively functionalized with phospholipid DSPE-PEG carboxylic acid, and then, with ethylenediamine (EDA), to obtain double functionalized single wall carbon nanotube (DFSWCNT). Then, DFSWCNT was applied as a carrier for delivering amphotericin B (Amb) and EGFP plasmid. FSWCNT’s concentration obtained via UV–visible analysis was 0.99 mg/mL. The TGA analysis results provided the lost weights of DSPE-PEG-COOH, EDA, Amb and SWCNT impurities. XPS results showed that carbon atoms’ percentage decreased during the functionalization processes from 97.2% (SWCNT) to 76.4% (FSWCNT) and 69.9% (DFSWNCT). Additionally, the oxygen atoms’ percentage increased from 2.3% (SWCNT) to 21% and 22.5% for FSWCNT and DFSWCNT, respectively. New bonds such as C–N and N–C=O appeared in the synthesized nanocarrier. The IG/ID ratio in Raman analysis decreased from 7.15 (SWCNT) to 4.08 (FSWCNT). The amount of Amb released to phosphate buffer saline medium was about 33% at pH = 5.5 and 75% at pH = 7.4 after 48 h. CCK8 results confirmed that the toxicity of functionalized SWCNT had decreased. In a 2:1 ratio of DFSWCNT/EGFP plasmid, the cell viability (87%) and live transfected cells (56%) were at their maximum values. The results indicate that carbon nanotubes have the potential to be applied as drug/gene delivery systems with outstanding properties such as high loading capacity and easy penetration to cell membrane.

Harnessing graphene oxide nanocarriers for siRNA delivery in a 3D spheroid model of lung cancer

“…This analysis demonstrated that upon increasing the CD47_siRNA : GO ratio, it is possible to obtain a higher transfection efficiency, as observed in other studies. 15,68,69 GO thus proves to be a potentially viable alternative to chemically modified GO. This alternative might be preferable in some cases because unmodified GO, such as sGO, is less processed and therefore less expensive and complex.…”

“…This analysis demonstrated that upon increasing the CD47_siRNA : GO ratio, it is possible to obtain a higher transfection efficiency, as observed in other studies. 15,68,69 GO…”

Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Materials: Efficient and Pertinent Platforms for Antifungal Drug Delivery

“…[ 93,94 ] The zero‐order model has a constant drug release rate across time, whereas in the first‐order model, the release of the drug is directly proportional to the drug concentration. [ 94 ] The Higuchi model explains the release rate as a function of the square root of time, and its generalized model is termed the Korsmeyer‐Peppas model. [ 94 ] The equations for all the models described above are: $$$$\begin{equation}{\mathrm{Zero}} - {\mathrm{Order model}};\,{{\mathrm{M}}}_{\mathrm{t}} = {{\mathrm{M}}}_\infty + {\mathrm{kt}}\end{equation}$$$$ $$$$\begin{equation}{\mathrm{First}} - {\mathrm{Order}}\,{\mathrm{model}};{\mathrm{ln}}\left( {{M}_{\mathrm{t}}/{M}_\infty } \right) = kt\end{equation}$$$$ $$$$\begin{equation}{\mathrm{Higuchi}}\,{\mathrm{model}};{M}_{\mathrm{t}}/{M}_\infty = k\surd t\end{equation}$$$$ $$$$\begin{equation}{\mathrm{Korsmeyer}} - {\mathrm{Peppas}}\,{\mathrm{model}};{\mathrm{ln}}\left( {{M}_{\mathrm{t}}{\mathrm{/}}{M}_\infty } \right) = {\mathrm{lnk}} + {\mathrm{nlnt}}\end{equation}$$$$where M t represents the absolute cumulative concentration of the drug released at time t , M ∞ represents the total cumulative concentration released after infinite time, k represents the release kinetic constant, and n represents the diffusion exponent parameter.…”

“…[92] Additionally, several mathematical operations include zero, first and second-order kinetics, Higuchi, Hixson-Crowell, Ritger-Peppas/Korsmeyer-Peppas (power-law model), and Weibull can be applied to illustrate the release mechanism. [93,94] The zero-order model has a constant drug release rate across time, whereas in the first-order model, the release of the drug is directly proportional to the drug concentration. [94] The Higuchi model explains the release rate as a function of the square root of time, and its generalized model is termed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model.…”

“…Cumulative release of AMB from AMB/DF-SWCNT formulation in medium with A) pH = 5.5 and B) pH = 7.4. Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic and Higuchi models were applied for the study; Reproduced with permission under the term of CC-BY license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync-nd/4.0/.94 [94]. Copyright 2022, The Authors, published by Springer Nature.…”