“…High-strength Cr-Ni-Mo martensitic steel is widely adopted in prop shafts and transmission shafts, etc., which have surfaces with high strength and cores with good plasticity, which are vital factors for dependability, efficiency, and emission reductions. This characteristic promises wear and fatigue resistance with high torsion strength, especially for lightweight-designed components operating at high power density [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. The lightweight-designed component has been greatly supported by heat treatment and other surface-strengthening methods such as ultrasonic surface rolling (USR) and shot peening, which is applied in industries concerning vehicles, aerospace, shipping, etc., for energy conservation [ 4 , 5 , 6 ].…”