Design of an array to record air showers of energy up to 10²¹ eV

Abstract

The design of an array to record air showers of energy up to 1021 eV is described. Each recording station uses two scintillator tanks spaced 50 m apart and generates a master pulse if [Formula: see text] particles pass through each tank in coincidence, n can be preset in the range 1 to 10. Pulse heights from each scintillator and the time of arrival of the shower front (to ±50 ns) are recorded on tape. The stations are designed to run for at least one week between servicings. Details are given of the scintillators, the circuitry (operated entirely from storage batteries), and the coincidence techniques.

Extremely High Energy Cosmic Rays

“…Serious research on extremely high energy cosmic rays started with the Volcano Ranch experiment [25,26] more than 30 years ago, subsequently joined by the Sydney SUGAR array [27,28], Haverah Park [29,30,31], Yakutsk [32], Fly's Eye [33,34], AGASA [35,36] and HiRes [38,39,40] experiments. The currently running experiments are Yakutsk, AGASA and HiRes, with new experiments at the proposal stage including Auger [41,42,43,44], the Telescope Array [45,46], OWL [47] and Space Air Watch [48].…”

Theoretical Considerations of the Three-Level Maser Detector for the Far-Infrared

“…Serious research on extremely high energy cosmic rays started with the Volcano Ranch experiment [25,26] more than 30 years ago, subsequently joined by the Sydney SUGAR array [27,28], Haverah Park [29][30][31], Yakutsk [32], Fly's Eye [33,34], AGASA [35,36] and HiRes [38][39][40] experiments.The currently running experiments are Yakutsk, AGASA and HiRes, with new experiments at the proposal stage including Auger [41][42][43][44], the Telescope Array [45,46], OWL [47] and Space Air Watch [48]. In this report, we will discuss the Fly's Eye, AGASA, Haverah Park and Yakutsk experiments.…”

Footprints of super-GZK cosmic rays in the Pilliga State Forest

“…The experiment comprised 47 detector stations located in the Pilliga State Forest (New South Wales, Australia) at latitude 30 • 31' S, longitude 149 • 38' E, and altitude 250 m above sea level. Each of these stations consisted of two 6 m 2 conical liquid scintillator tanks separated by 50 m and buried under 1.5 ± 0.3 m of earth to shield against the electromagnetic component of the shower [11]. A minimum ionizing muon traversing the scintillator produced an average of 10 photoelectrons, which were detected by photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) looking downward at the scintillator.…”