Design of an additively manufactured functionally graded material of 316 stainless steel and Ti-6Al-4V with Ni-20Cr, Cr, and V intermediate compositions

Bobbio, Lourdes D.; Bocklund, Brandon; Simsek, Emrah; Ott, Ryan T.; Kramer, Matt; Liu, Zhe; Beese, Allison M.

doi:10.1016/j.addma.2022.102649

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…According to several recent studies [34][35][36][37][38][39][40] on functionally graded materials/bi-metallic structure, the microstructure is composed of elongated and equi-axed dendrites with secondary arms and precipitates. The dendritic microstructure plays a vital role for the enhancement of corrosion resistance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pitting corrosion studies on functionally graded Inconel 825-SS316L wall manufactured by wire arc additive manufacturing

Senthil

Babu

Puviyarasan³

et al. 2022

Eng. Res. Express

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This research article addresses the pitting corrosion resistance of FGM walls fabricated by the Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM). The wall is created by layer-by-layer transfer of molten metal in an uninterrupted manner with little heat input using the CMT process. Pitting corrosion tests were carried out as per the ASTM G48-11 standard on the specimens extracted from Inconel 825, FGM interfaces, and SS316L regions of the wall. The specimens were immersed in the ferric chloride hexahydrate solution for 24, 48, and 72 h. It was found that the FGM interface and the specimens made of Inconel 825 were more resistant to corrosion than the SS316L specimens. The weight loss is measured as 0.462 g, 0.1087 g, and 0.1349 g for the SS316L, FGM interface, and Inconel 825 specimens, respectively. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) were used to analyze the corrosion products at the corrosion pit. The order of the pitting corrosion resistance of the specimens extracted from the FGM wall was: FGM interface > Inconel 825 > SS316L.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pitting corrosion studies on functionally graded Inconel 825-SS316L wall manufactured by wire arc additive manufacturing

Senthil

Babu

Puviyarasan³

et al. 2022

Eng. Res. Express

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Section: Am Framework For Fgm Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The difference in predicting phase composition regions between the equilibrium and Scheil-Gulliver diagrams is due to the slow kinetics of secondary phase formation under non-equilibrium solidification conditions (as in AM) and neglecting the solid-state transformation in the latter. However, their overlap creates feasibility diagrams whose combination for the Ni-V-Ti-Cr-Fe system (Figure 25) elucidates the feasible areas, without the risk of deleterious phase formation and cracking, for the gradient design between terminal alloys [76]. It should be highlighted that, in order to apply any gradient design, the AM process must first support the necessary capabilities; for example, the DED and PBF systems must be equipped with separate powder feeders and powder-spreading mechanisms to deliver the materials according to the gradient design.…”

Section: Am Framework For Fgm Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untapped Opportunities in Additive Manufacturing with Metals: From New and Graded Materials to Post-Processing

Mosallanejad,

Ghanavati,

Behjat

et al. 2024

Metals

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Metal additive manufacturing (AM) is an innovative manufacturing method with numerous metallurgical benefits, including fine and hierarchical microstructures and enhanced mechanical properties, thanks to the utilization of a local heat source and the rapid solidification nature of the process. High levels of productivity, together with the ability to produce complex geometries and large components, have added to the versatile applicability of metal AM with applications already implemented in various sectors such as medicine, transportation, and aerospace. To further enhance the potential benefits of AM in the context of small- to medium-scale bulk production, metallurgical complexities should be determined and investigated. Hence, this review paper focuses on three significant metallurgical aspects of metal AM processes: in situ alloying, functionally graded materials, and surface treatments for AM parts. The current text is expected to offer insights for future research works on metal AM to expand its potential applications in various advanced manufacturing sectors.

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“…[16] While significant challenges exist when grading disparate materials, particularly relating to the formation of undesirable brittle phases along compositional pathways, significant progress was made in DED of hybrid and functionally graded materials, with much research focusing on titanium/molybdenum, [17,18] ferritic/austenitic steels, [19] steel/Inconel, [20,21] and novel functionally graded structures with multiple intermediate compositions. [22][23][24] The formation of undesirable brittle phases is a challenge that is exacerbated when multiple principal element alloys are used, for which the complex multidimensional thermodynamic space is not fully explored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructural Control of a Multi‐Phase PH Steel Printed with Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Fields,

Amiri,

Lim

et al. 2024

Adv Materials Technologies

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The established approach to materials design for additive manufacturing (AM) consists of attempting to reproduce the uniform structures and properties of conventionally processed materials. While this certainly helped facilitate material certification and the rapid introduction of AM technologies in several industries, the opportunity to exploit unique features of specific AM processes to generate spatially varying microstructures–and hence novel materials, remains largely untapped. This work presents a method for manufacturing materials through laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), in which control over the spatial variation in phase composition and mechanical properties is achieved. This technique is demonstrated using 17‐4 precipitation‐hardened stainless steel (17‐4PH), by controlling spatial modulation of energy densities during printing. This results in local control of ferrite/martensite volume fractions, allowing the fabrication of metal/metal architected composites with hard/brittle regions interspersed with soft/tough regions. Local variations of ~20% in tensile strength and ~150% in elongation are achieved, with a spatial resolution of ~100 microns. The approach is general and robust, fully compatible with commercially available LPBF equipment, and applicable to virtually any multi‐phase alloy system. This work shifts the paradigm from attempting to print components with uniform properties to manufacturing alloys with controlled spatial property gradients.

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Design of an additively manufactured functionally graded material of 316 stainless steel and Ti-6Al-4V with Ni-20Cr, Cr, and V intermediate compositions

Cited by 8 publications

References 44 publications

Pitting corrosion studies on functionally graded Inconel 825-SS316L wall manufactured by wire arc additive manufacturing

Pitting corrosion studies on functionally graded Inconel 825-SS316L wall manufactured by wire arc additive manufacturing

Untapped Opportunities in Additive Manufacturing with Metals: From New and Graded Materials to Post-Processing

Microstructural Control of a Multi‐Phase PH Steel Printed with Laser Powder Bed Fusion

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