Design of an Active Magnetic Regenerative Hydrogen Liquefier

Key Words magnetocaloric effect, mixed lanthanide materials, 3d-materials amorphous alloys, manganites s Abstract In the last decade of the twentieth century there has been a significant increase in research on a more than 100-year old phenomenon-the magnetocaloric effect (MCE). As a result, many new materials with large MCEs (and many with lesser values) have been discovered, and a much better understanding of this magneto-thermal property has resulted. In this review we briefly discuss the principles of magnetic cooling (and heating); the measurement of the magnetocaloric properties by direct and indirect techniques; the special problems that can arise; and the MCE properties of the 4f lanthanide metals, their intra-lanthanide alloys and their compounds [including the giant MCE Gd 5 (Si x Ge 1−x ) 4 phases]; the 3d transition metals, their alloys and compounds; and mixed lanthanide-3d transition metal materials (including the La manganites). INTRODUCTIONCommercial and residential refrigeration is a mature, relatively low capital cost but a high-energy demand industry. Even the newest most efficient units operate well below the maximum theoretical (Carnot) efficiency, and few, if any, further improvements may be possible with the existing vapor-cycle technology. Magnetic refrigeration (MR), however, is rapidly becoming competitive with conventional gas compression technology because it offers considerable operating cost savings by eliminating the most inefficient part of the refrigerator-the compressor. In addition to its energy savings potential, MR is an environmentally sound alternative to vapor-cycle refrigerators and air conditioners. Most modern refrigeration systems and air conditioners still use ozone-depleting or global-warming volatile liquid refrigerants. Magnetic refrigerators use a solid refrigerant(s) and common heat transfer fluids (e.g. water, water-alcohol solution, air, or helium gas) with no ozone-depleting and/or global-warming effects.Magnetic refrigeration is based on the magnetocaloric effect (MCE). The MCE, or adiabatic temperature change ( T ad ), which is detected as the heating or the cooling of magnetic materials due to a varying magnetic field, was originally discovered in iron by Warburg (1). The thermodynamics of the MCE was understood 0084-6600/00/0801-0387$14.00 387 Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 2000.30:387-429. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org by Fordham University on 11/22/12. For personal use only. 388GSCHNEIDNER PECHARSKY by Debye (2) and by Giauque (3), both of whom independently suggested that it could be used to reach low temperatures in a process known as adiabatic demagnetization. Soon after this discovery, an operating adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator was constructed and utilized by Giauque & McDougal (4) to reach 0.53, 0.34, and 0.25 K starting at 3.4, 2.0, and 1.5 K, respectively, using a magnetic field of 0.8 T and 61 g of Gd 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ·8H 2 O as the magnetic refrigerant. The MCE is intrinsic to any magnetic material. In the case of a ferromagnet near its mag...

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“…) and the T ad (T ) H is calculated as the isentropic difference (Equation 16) between the S (T ) H I and S (T ) H F functions.…”

Section: Once the Total Entropy Functions S(t) H I And S(t) H F Armentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetocaloric Materials

Gschneidner

Pecharsky

2000

Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci.

1,247

568

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“…Molecular hydrogen has a boiling point of 20.3 K and is one of the very few gases -along with helium and neon -that heats up during thermal expansion, which is a significant drawback for current industrial technology. 21 Both the cryogenic (below 120 K) and conventional (above 120 K) magnetic refrigeration technologies are considered as energy-efficient alternatives to conventional devices based on mechanical compressors (with an efficiency increase of 50 % 22 ). [3][4][5] The core of these setups is a magnetocaloric material that acts as the working material and is controlled by the application and removal of magnetic field, which is typically generated by permanent or superconducting magnets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetocaloric materials for hydrogen liquefaction

Romero-Muñiz,

Law,

Revuelta-Losada

et al. 2023

TIMS

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<p>The expected energy transition to hydrogen gas as a greener energy vector has revived the interest in magnetic refrigeration at the cryogenic range, specifically between 20 and 80 K, with the vision to develop a new generation of hydrogen gas liquefiers. From the materials science point of view, the search for magnetocaloric materials containing mainly non-critical elements with a significant response in that temperature range, together with good cyclability and stability, is a challenging task. Given the increasing interest of the research community on this topic, we aim to establish a comprehensive catalog of the magnetocaloric compounds characterized so far, to be used as a starting point for further research. For this purpose, a systematic outlook of the state of the art is presented here, with the analysis and classification of more than 400 cryogenic magnetocaloric materials, divided into five large families according to their physicochemical properties. Moreover, we provide detailed information about their magnetocaloric properties, magnetic behavior, and transition characteristics together with criticality, which will facilitate the future search for optimal compounds.</p>

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“…Two aspects of a successful magnetic refrigerator, not considered here, are (a) the performance of the magnetic field sources, which substitute for the compressor and evaporator, and (b) the engineering of the magnetic refrigerator, which includes the design of the refrigeration cycle, the organization of the heat transfer fluid flow and the heat exchange. Instead, we direct the interested reader to several technical papers (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

5.2 Magnetocaloric materials

Mudryk¹,

Pecharsky²

2022

From Energy Storage to Photofunctional Materials

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In the last decade of the twentieth century there has been a significant increase in research on a more than 100-year old phenomenon-the magnetocaloric effect (MCE). As a result, many new materials with large MCEs (and many with lesser values) have been discovered, and a much better understanding of this magneto-thermal property has resulted. In this review we briefly discuss the principles of magnetic cooling (and heating); the measurement of the magnetocaloric properties by direct and indirect techniques; the special problems that can arise; and the MCE properties of the 4f lanthanide metals, their intra-lanthanide alloys and their compounds [including the giant MCE Gd 5 (Si x Ge 1−x ) 4 phases]; the 3d transition metals, their alloys and compounds; and mixed lanthanide-3d transition metal materials (including the La manganites).

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Design of an Active Magnetic Regenerative Hydrogen Liquefier

Cited by 12 publications

References 1 publication

Magnetocaloric Materials

Magnetocaloric Materials

Magnetocaloric materials for hydrogen liquefaction

5.2 Magnetocaloric materials

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