Design of Air Pulsers for Pulse Column Application

Liquid‐liquid extraction, also known as solvent extracting, is a well‐established separation technique that depend on the unequal distribution of a solute between two immiscible liquids. The initial feed liquid containing the solute is brought into contact with a solvent which is selected to have a greater affinity for the solute. The partition of the solute can be enhanced by adding a chemical extractant to the solvent; this practice is widespread in the hydrometallurgical and nuclear industries. Most industrial extractors operate continuously with countercurrent flow of the two phases. In mixer‐settlers, the phases are contacted as a well‐agitated dispersion of drops, which are then sent to settling tanks for phase disengagement. In extraction columns, the dispersed drops move countercurrently against the flow of the second (continuous) phase. The physics, chemistry, and practice of extraction, with brief descriptions of important industrial extraction processes and equipment, are presented. Research on hydrodynamic aspects of process design such as axial mixing, drop dispersion, and coalescence is reviewed. New extraction techniques such as membrane extraction, supercritical exctraction, and two‐phase aqueous extraction are discussed.

Extraction, Liquid–Liquid

Lo¹,

Baird²

2000

Extraction, Liquid‐Liquid

Stevens

Lo²,

Baird

2007

Liquid–liquid extraction, also known as solvent extracting, is a well‐established separation technique that depends on the unequal distribution of a solute between two immiscible liquids. The initial feed liquid containing the solute is brought into contact with a solvent that is selected to have a greater affinity for the solute. The partition of the solute can be enhanced by adding a chemical extractant to the solvent; this practice is widespread in the hydrometallurgical and nuclear industries. Most industrial extractors operate continuously with countercurrent flow of the two phases. In mixer–settlers, the phases are contacted as a well‐agitated dispersion of drops, which are then sent to settling tanks for phase disengagement. In extraction columns, the dispersed drops move countercurrently against the flow of the second (continuous) phase. The physics, chemistry, and practice of extraction, with brief descriptions of important industrial extraction processes and equipment, are presented. Research on hydrodynamic aspects of process design, eg, axial mixing, drop dispersion, and coalescence, is reviewed. New extraction techniques, eg, membrane extraction, supercritical exctraction, and two‐phase aqueous extraction, are discussed.

Extraction, Liquid–Liquid

Stevens,

Lo,

Baird

2018

Liquid–liquid extraction, also known as solvent extraction, is a well established separation technique that depends on the unequal distribution of a solute between two immiscible liquids. The physics, chemistry, and practice of extraction, are described and important industrial extraction processes and equipment are reviewed, including petroleum and petrochemical processes, pharmaceutical processes, food processing, nuclear fuel reprocessing, and extraction of metallic and nonmetallic compounds. Research on hydrodynamic aspects of process design, eg, axial mixing, drop dispersion, and coalescence, is also discussed.