The concept of, and case for, Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) has been defined since at least 2010, when the FAO published its report outlining the concept and the ways in which policy, practice and finance might orient toward CSA objectives (FAO, 2010). The FAO website at the time of writing gives the three main objectives of CSA as "sustainably increasing agricultural productivity and incomes; adapting and building resilience to climate change; and reducing and/or removing greenhouse gas emissions, where possible." 1 Subsequently, research and practice have focussed on identifying how climate-smart a specific strategy or practice is (Campbell, 2017;Lipper and Zilberman, 2018)-and thus methodologies for measurement and assessment of CSA have become important (see e.g., Thornton et al., 2018). The feasibility of CSA interventions at scale, beyond local successful cases, has also become an important topic (Aggarwal et al., 2018). Promoters of CSA such as the FAO and CGIAR ultimately seek reliable and transparent methods for scaling up, prioritization, and monitoring of CSA interventions. Such assessments depend on underpinning research.Contributions to the Climate Smart Food Systems (CSFS) Section of Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems (hereafter "Frontiers in CSFS") have provided some of the underpinning research for CSA. As laid out in the journal scope, 2 submissions should include some assessment of each of the three pillars of CSFS-adaptation, mitigation and increasing productivity (the latter is sometimes conceptualized more broadly as food security). Contributions have ranged from studies with a clear focus on one or two pillars, with a third being treated relatively lightly (see e.g., Jennings et al., 2020) to submissions that focus squarely on all three pillars (e.g., Arenas-Calle et al., 2019).Soon after its inception, Whitfield et al. (2018) set out six research priorities for the Frontiers in CSFS: (i) What is climate smartness and how do we measure it?; (ii) What are the social and economic impacts of climate smart agriculture? (iii) What trade-offs emerge from climate-smart practices, and at what levels do we consider trade-offs to be safe and just?; (iv) How do theory-based climate-smart actions differ across spatial scale?; what are the theoretical and practical feasibility and consequences of scaling up actions within and across systems?; (v) Which climate-smart