Design of a Novel Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cell for 17.83% Efficiency

Abstract

Distributed Source Coding (DSC) schemes rely on separate encoding but joint decoding of statistically dependent sources, which exhibit correlation. More specifically, Distributed Joint Source-Channel coding (DJSC) is associated with the scenario, where the correlated source signals are transmitted through a noisy channel. On one hand, employing DSC or DJSC schemes exploits the existing correlation between sensors resulting in minimising the transmission energy required by the sources, while maintaining reliable communication. On the other hand, Network Coding (NC) is an efficient data transport technique leveraging network efficiency, by allowing Relay Nodes (RNs) in a communication network to combine multiple data packets received via the incoming links before transmitting them to the Destination Node (DN). In this paper, the bandwidth-efficient Distributed Joint Turbo Trellis-Coded Modulation (DJTTCM) aided by both Dynamic Network Coding (DNC) and Adaptive DNC (ADNC)-based cooperative transmission schemes are proposed. Both systems are proposed for supporting correlated source transmissions over hostile channels experiencing both small-scale and large-scale fading in which the RNs dynamically transmit its non-binary linear combinations to the DN. A substantial gain of 19.5 dB was attained at a correlation coefficient of ρ = 0.8 over its counterpart dispensing with NC.

Optimization of Hole and Electron Transport Layer for Highly Efficient Lead-Free Cs2TiBr6-Based Perovskite Solar Cell

“…Therefore, for the highly efficient photovoltaic response, the physical parameters such as electron affinity, energy bandgap, doping density, and film thickness of ideal hole and electron transport layers were determined for the Cs 2 TiBr 6 -based solar cell through SCAPS-1D simulation. It was observed that the proper hole transport layer (electron affinity = −3 eV, energy band gap = 3 eV, N a =10 20 cm −3 , and thickness = 250 nm), as well as using the appropriate electron transport layer (electron affinity = −4.6 eV, energy band gap = 4 eV, N d =10 16 cm −3 , and thickness = 25 nm), can give a maximum PCE up to 20.41% for Cs 2 TiBr 6 -based perovskite solar cells. Unfortunately, not a single hole and electron transport material with the required electronic structure was found.…”

“…As stated earlier, SCAPS 1D (version 3.3.07) simulation software was used to determine the most suitable hole and electron transport parameters for the highly efficient Cs 2 TiBr 6 -based perovskite solar cell [16,26]. The SCAPS-1D is a one-dimensional simulation software that uses the combination of well-defined mathematical equations such as the Poisson equation (Equation ( 1)), electron continuity equation (Equation ( 2)), hole continuity equation (Equation (3)), total charge transport equation (Equation ( 4)), total charge transport equation for the electron (Equation ( 5)), total charge transport equation for the hole (Equation ( 6)), and optical absorption coefficient equation (Equation ( 7)) to define the photovoltaic response of a solar cell.…”

“…The SCAPS-1D is a one-dimensional simulation software that uses the combination of well-defined mathematical equations such as the Poisson equation (Equation ( 1)), electron continuity equation (Equation ( 2)), hole continuity equation (Equation (3)), total charge transport equation (Equation ( 4)), total charge transport equation for the electron (Equation ( 5)), total charge transport equation for the hole (Equation ( 6)), and optical absorption coefficient equation (Equation ( 7)) to define the photovoltaic response of a solar cell. Detailed information about these equations can be found elsewhere [16,[23][24][25][26]. The model equations are…”

“…From the above discussion, it can be concluded that the proper selection of the hole transport layer with these physical parameters (electron affinity = −3 eV, energy band gap = 3 eV, N a = 10 20 cm −3 , and thickness =250 nm), as well as the use of an appropriate electron transport layer with physical parameters (electron affinity = −4.6 eV, energy band gap = 4 eV, N d =10 16 cm −3 , and thickness = 25 nm), can give a maximum PCE up to 20.41% for the Cs 2 TiBr 6 -based perovskite solar cell. Unfortunately, not a single hole transport layer and electron transport layer material were available, as shown in Tables 2 and 3, respectively, having a similar energy bandgap and electron affinity to fulfill the requirements for maximum PCE.…”

“…This study is also a part of our current work regarding the design of novel Cs 2 TiBr 6based lead-free perovskite solar cells [15,16]. Based on our previous results, as listed in Table 1, the ideal parameters of the hole transport layer and electron transport layer were estimated through SCAPS-1D software for highly efficient Cs 2 TiBr 6 -based perovskite solar cells.…”