Design of a 24 GHz frequency divider‐by‐10 in 45 nm‐silicon‐on‐insulator as an active reflector tag

Abstract

The design of a 24 GHz frequency divider-by-10 for accurate indoor localisation systems is presented. It is proposed to use frequency dividers as active reflector tags in a frequency-modulated continuous wave indoor localisation system in order to reduce interferences caused by direct reflections of the interrogating signal. Since frequency dividers are subharmonic generators, this allows achieving conversion gain in the reflected signal. The frequency divider is fabricated using GLOBAL FOUNDRIES 45 nm-silicon-on-insulator technology. It consumes only 5.7 mW from a 1 V supply. It has a wide locking range of 33% and an efficiency of 3.58 GHz/mW. To the best of authors' knowledge, the use of frequency dividers as active reflectors was not studied before.

A Review: Recent Progress in the Design and Development of Nonlinear Radars

“…In [2,3], a radar was discussed transmitting a 24 GHz ISM frequency waveform while the received subharmonic signal fell in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. The radar was operated in bandwidth 𝐵𝑊, so the received subharmonic response was 𝐵𝑊/10; hence, this radar A frequency tone transmitted by the antenna is denoted as:…”

“…∆φ(t) is the residual phase noise and can be ignored because the same signal generator is used for RF and LO signals, and a similar frequency multiplier is used in the LO and the tag. In [2,3], a radar was discussed transmitting a 24 GHz ISM frequency waveform while the received subharmonic signal fell in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. The radar was operated in bandwidth BW, so the received subharmonic response was BW/10; hence, this radar type limits the range resolution of the radar at the cost of lower path loss and improved phase noise.…”

Design of a 24 GHz FMCW radar system based on sub‐harmonic generation

“…A 24 GHz frequency divider‐by‐10 was designed and fabricated in GF45nm‐SOI technology to be used as a sub‐harmonic active reflector [15]. The chip is bonded onto a four‐layer Rogers‐4350B printed circuit board (PCB) (Fig.…”

“…An early use of passive first‐order sub‐harmonic device for object identification was proposed in [14]. In [15], the use of frequency dividers as sub‐harmonic generators in FMCW radar systems is proposed in order to eliminate multi‐path interferences of the direct reflections of the interrogating signal and to provide a conversion gain of 48 dB, which helps to increase the range of the radar system.…”

“…In this work, a first prototype of the FMCW radar system based on sub‐harmonic generation is implemented, where the two Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) bands at 24 and 2.4 GHz are utilised for the TX and RX, respectively. In this system, the 24 GHz frequency divider‐by‐10 developed in [15] is used as a sub‐harmonic active reflector tag. The rest of this paper is organised as follows; in Section 2, an overview of the proposed sub‐harmonic FMCW radar system is presented.…”