Design, Manufacture, and Selection of Ankle-Foot-Orthoses

Sürmen, Hasan Kemal; Akalan, N.E.; Arslan, Yunus Ziya

doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-2255-3.ch027

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Boundary conditions were generally consistent with those used for the experimental mechanical tests, when present. In addition to stiffness [ 17 , 42 ], FEA allowed to estimate the maximum Von Mises stresses [ 52 , 55 ] and displacements [ 53 ] of the analyzed AFOs. Only one study assessed the maximum Von Mises stress against the material yielding [ 52 ], and reported the safety factor of each component in simulated jogging and downhill walking tasks.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design principles, manufacturing and evaluation techniques of custom dynamic ankle‐foot orthoses: a review study

Rogati

Caravaggi

Leardini

2022

Journal of Foot and Ankle Research

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Ankle-Foot Orthoses (AFO) can be prescribed to allow drop-foot patients to restore a quasi-normal gait pattern. Standard off-the-shelf AFOs are cost-effective solutions to treat most patients with foot and ankle weakness, but these devices have several limitations, especially in terms of comfort. Therefore, custom AFOs are increasingly adopted to address drop-foot when standard solutions are not adequate. While the solid ones are the most common type of AFO, providing full stability and strong resistance to ankle plantarflexion, passive dynamic AFOs (PD-AFOs) represent the ideal solution for patients with less severe ankle weakness. PD-AFOs have a flexible calf shell, which can bend during the stance phase of walking and absorb energy that can be released to support the limb in the push-off phase. The aim of this review is to assess the state-of-the-art and identify the current limitations of PD-AFOs. An extensive literature review was performed in Google Scholar to identify all studies on custom PD-AFOs. Only those papers reporting on custom PD-AFOs were included in the review. Non peer-reviewed papers, abstract shorter than three pages, lecture notes and thesis dissertations were excluded from the analysis. Particular attention was given to the customization principles and the mechanical and functional tests. For each topic, the main results from all relevant papers are reported and summarized herein. There were 75 papers that corresponded to the search criteria. These were grouped according to the following macro-topics: 16 focusing on scanning technologies and geometry acquisition; 14 on customization criteria; 19 on production techniques; 16 on mechanical testing, and 33 on functional testing. According to the present review, design and production of custom PD-AFOs are becoming increasingly feasible due to advancements in 3D scanning techniques and additive manufacturing. In general, custom PD-AFOs were shown to provide better comfort and improved spatio-temporal parameters with respect to standard solutions. However, no customization principle to adapt PD-AFO stiffness to the patient’s degree of ankle impairment or mechanical/functional demand has thus far been proposed.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design principles, manufacturing and evaluation techniques of custom dynamic ankle‐foot orthoses: a review study

Rogati

Caravaggi

Leardini

2022

Journal of Foot and Ankle Research

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“…To enhance walking, mobility, and therefore autonomy and independence, ankle foot orthoses (AFOs) are commonly prescribed [ 5 , 6 ]. AFOs are orthoses that act at the level of the patient’s lower limb, ankle, and foot, providing stability to the tibiotarsal joint and exerting biomechanical control above and below this joint [ 7 ], imposing a mechanical constraint.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of a New Generation of Ankle Foot Orthoses on Sloped Walking in Children with Hemiplegia Using the Gait Real Time Analysis Interactive Lab (GRAIL)

Camuncoli,

Malerba,

Biffi

et al. 2024

Bioengineering

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Cerebral palsy poses challenges in walking, necessitating ankle foot orthoses (AFOs) for stability. Gait analysis, particularly on slopes, is crucial for effective AFO assessment. The study aimed to compare the performance of commercially available AFOs with a new sports-specific AFO in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy and to assess the effects of varying slopes on gait. Eighteen participants, aged 6–11, with hemiplegia, underwent gait analysis using GRAIL technology. Two AFO types were tested on slopes (uphill +10 deg, downhill −5 deg, level-ground). Kinematic, kinetic, and spatiotemporal parameters were analyzed. The new AFO contributed to significant changes in ankle dorsi-plantar-flexion, foot progression, and trunk and hip rotation during downhill walking. Additionally, the new AFO had varied effects on spatiotemporal gait parameters, with an increased stride length during downhill walking. Slope variations significantly influenced the kinematics and kinetics. This study provides valuable insights into AFO effectiveness and the impact of slopes on gait in hemiplegic cerebral palsy. The findings underscore the need for personalized interventions, considering environmental factors, and enhancing clinical and research approaches for improving mobility in cerebral palsy.

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“…The material usually use for the manufacturing of KAFO are leather, metal and thermoplastic [3]. The traditional method of making orthoses takes a long time [4]. The shape and proportions of the orthosis must be manually adjusted to fit the patient's physique.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lightweight design of Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthotic Devices using Voronoi patterns for Additive Manufacturing

Khan,

Zaidan,

Tajul

2023

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Traditionally fabricated knee-ankle-foot orthosis (KAFO) device that is used to aid in the mobility user is uncomfortable. Problems such as weight and enclosure in almost all the part of the leg make it strenuous and humid for the user to wear for a long time. Furthermore, in the traditional production method, it can take up to a week to fabricate. The aim of this study is to redesign the knee-ankle-foot-orthosis by using the application of topology optimization in order to reduce the material used on the product and to make it lightweight. The parameters of the KAFO were determined by using indirect method; similar to traditional method. The modelling and analysis of the KAFO is completed by using CAD and CAE software. Optimization of the product is performed by redesigning the shape and applying topology optimization function. It is able to reduce the maximum stress of the product by 22.56% and the volume by 4.33%. Application of the Voronoi pattern further reduces the mass of the KAFO and produces more organic looks to the product. SLS Lisa Pro 3D printer is used to produce the KAFO in a period of less than a week. This prove to be a viable alternative for producing customized KAFO.

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Design, Manufacture, and Selection of Ankle-Foot-Orthoses

Cited by 11 publications

References 43 publications

Design principles, manufacturing and evaluation techniques of custom dynamic ankle‐foot orthoses: a review study

Design principles, manufacturing and evaluation techniques of custom dynamic ankle‐foot orthoses: a review study

The Effect of a New Generation of Ankle Foot Orthoses on Sloped Walking in Children with Hemiplegia Using the Gait Real Time Analysis Interactive Lab (GRAIL)

Lightweight design of Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthotic Devices using Voronoi patterns for Additive Manufacturing

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