Design guidelines for operator entry-exit systems on mobile equipment

Bottoms, D.J.

doi:10.1016/0003-6870(83)90153-9

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Previous research has also identified key elements of the access system that are critical for safe ingress and egress. Design guidelines have been recommended for the cab, ladders and ladder rungs, steps, and handrails leading into the cab (Bottoms, 1983; Bottoms et al, 1979; Gavan et al, 1980). Even with established guidelines, there may be issues with compliance with the current guidelines and standards.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An analysis of injuries to front-end loader operators during ingress and egress

Nasarwanji

Pollard

Porter

2018

International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics

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Slips, trips, and falls from mobile mining equipment have been documented for decades. However, little research has been conducted to determine the events precipitating these incidents during ingress or egress. This study examined slips, trips, and falls sustained during ingress or egress from front-end loaders to determine the frequencies of factors that may contribute to injuries. Non-fatal injuries, when getting on or off of front-end wheel loaders specifically, were identified, coded, and analyzed from the Mine Safety and Health Administration's accidents, injuries, and illnesses database. Overall trends, events that precipitated the injury, injuries sustained, contributing factors, location of the individual, and equipment characteristics were analyzed. More incidents occurred during egress (63%); and egress is believed to be more hazardous than ingress. Foot slips were the most common event that precipitated the incident and the leading cause of these was contaminants on the equipment. Misstep, loss of footing, and step on/in related incidents were more common during egress and are likely due to the operator's reduced visibility when descending a ladder facing the equipment, limiting their ability to detect hazards. Egress also makes an operator less capable of avoiding unsafe ground conditions as indicated by the significant number of step on/in injuries occurring on the ground during egress. Most of the front-end loaders associated with the incidents were found to have bottom rungs with flexible rails, which may also increase fall risk during egress due to inconsistent rung heights and lengthy transition areas from the ground, through the flexible-railed rungs, to the rungs with rigid rails. Recommendations are provided to reduce the risk for slips, trips, and falls from mobile mining equipment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An analysis of injuries to front-end loader operators during ingress and egress

Nasarwanji

Pollard

Porter

2018

International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics

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“…The current ANSI A92.6 Standard (2006) for Self-Propelled Elevating Work Platform [scissor lift] states that “if permitted by the manufacturer, the personnel shall only vacate or enter a raised aerial platform by following the guidelines and instructions provided by the manufacturer.” The results of this study will provide useful quantifiable information for developing safe “entering and exiting procedures at an elevation” for scissor lifts. These study findings can also be applicable for other construction elevated devices, heavy construction vehicles, trucks, mining equipment, and agricultural tractors (Bottoms, 1983; Moore et al, 2009; Pan et al, 2012). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…These complex body movements resulted from the geometric constraints of the lift and job site environment and caused perturbations to the postural balance system immediately after ingress or egress (Singh et al, 2014; Winter, 1990). The ergonomic recommendations for the dimensions of confined space are to some extent based on anthropometric data, and the above-mentioned workstation design indeed is determined to be potentially hazardous (Bottoms, 1983; Kroemer and Grandjean, 1997). These complex motions associated with using bar and chain openings created non-vertical foot landing postures and, therefore, resulted in larger peak ground shear forces.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of postural sway and impact forces during ingress and egress of scissor lifts at elevations

et al. 2017

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Workers are at risk when entering or exiting elevated scissor lifts. In this study, we recorded ground shear forces and postural instability from 22 construction workers while they performed ingress and egress between a scissor lift and an adjacent work surface with varying lift gate opening designs, horizontal and vertical gaps, and sloped work surfaces. From the results of this study, we observed higher peak ground shear forces when using a bar-and-chain opening, with larger horizontal gap, with the lift surface more than 8 inches below the work surface, and having a sloped (26 degrees) work surface. Similar trends were observed for postural instability except the influence of vertical distance was not significant. To reduce slip/trip/fall risk and postural instability of workers while entering or exiting an elevated scissor lift, we suggest scissor lifts be equipped with a gate-type opening to replace the bar-and-chain design. We also suggest the lift surface be placed no more than 0.2 m lower than the work surface and the horizontal gap is as small as possible. Selecting a non-sloped surface to exit or enter a scissor lift is also desirable.

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“…In this study several issues were examined including angle of incline for the ladder handrail placement. Bottoms (1983) examined guidelines for the design of ingress/egress systems. The recommendations Bottoms presents are based on laboratory experiments to establish generally acceptable standards.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of human body vibration exposures on haul trucks operating at U.S. surface mines/quarries relative to haul truck activity

Mayton

Porter

et al. 2018

International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics

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Workers who operate mine haul trucks are exposed to whole-body vibration (WBV) on a routine basis. Researchers from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Pittsburgh Mining Research Division (PMRD) investigated WBV and hand-arm vibration (HAV) exposures for mine/quarry haul truck drivers in relation to the haul truck activities of dumping, loading, and traveling with and without a load. The findings show that WBV measures in weighted root-mean-square accelerations (aw) and vibration dose value (VDV), when compared to the ISO/ANSI and European Directive 2002/44/EC standards, were mostly below the Exposure Action Value (EAV) identified by the health guidance caution zone (HGCZ). Nevertheless, instances were recorded where the Exposure Limit Value (ELV) was exceeded by more than 500 to 600 percent for VDVx and awx, respectively. Researchers determined that these excessive levels occurred during the traveling empty activity, when the haul truck descended down grade into the pit loading area, sliding at times, on a wet and slippery road surface caused by rain and overwatering. WBV levels (not normalized to an 8-h shift) for the four haul truck activities showed mean awz levels for five of the seven drivers exceeding the ISO/ANSI EAV by 9–53 percent for the traveling empty activity. Mean awx and awz levels were generally higher for traveling empty and traveling loaded and lower for loading/dumping activities. HAV for measures taken on the steering wheel and shifter were all below the HGCZ which indicates that HAV is not an issue for these drivers/operators when handling steering and shifting control devices.

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Design guidelines for operator entry-exit systems on mobile equipment

Cited by 10 publications

References 6 publications

An analysis of injuries to front-end loader operators during ingress and egress

An analysis of injuries to front-end loader operators during ingress and egress

Evaluation of postural sway and impact forces during ingress and egress of scissor lifts at elevations

Investigation of human body vibration exposures on haul trucks operating at U.S. surface mines/quarries relative to haul truck activity

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