This paper contributes to the debate on user responsibility in a circular economy. It discusses the responsibility of users (for instance related to product care and product end-of-use) in various circular business models and considers how designers can help users fulfil their responsibility. The paper explores two extreme conceptions of user responsibility: high user responsibility that typically occurs in classic sales models, and low user responsibility, for instance in product-as-a-service models. Potential directions are given to designers to stimulate care, maintenance, repair and circular end-ofuse paths without scaring off or punishing users.
Designing products that can adapt to changes over time is crucial for managing product-related business risks in circular business models. However, there is limited circular economy research on how product adaptivity can contribute to more circular products and business models, especially in the early phases of business development and design. To address this research gap, this conceptual paper builds on the adaptable design concept and incorporates ideas from research on circular business models and circular design literature. It proposes a framework we collectively term “Future Adaptive Design” to help manage product-related business risks in circular business models and investigates related design strategies for product-based companies aiming to adopt circular business models.
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