Design, Fabrication, and Modeling of an Electric–Magnetic Self-Folding Sheet

Bowen, Landen; Springsteen, Kara; Ahmed, Saad; Arrojado, Erika; Frecker, Mary; Simpson, Timothy W.; Ounaies, Zoubeida; Lockette, Paris von

doi:10.1115/1.4035966

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Details on the magnetic material and its fabrication are discussed in our previous work [46,47] and in section 3.3.1. Once placed in a magnetic field, the MAE patch will generate a torque T, which can be calculated using equation (2):…”

Section: Mae Based Actuationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Finite element analysis of electroactive polymer and magnetoactive elastomer based actuation for origami folding

Zhang

Ahmed

Masters

et al. 2017

Smart Mater. Struct.

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The incorporation of smart materials such as electroactive polymers and magnetoactive elastomers in origami structures can result in active folding using external electric and magnetic stimuli, showing promise in many origami-inspired engineering applications. In this study, 3D finite element analysis (FEA) models are developed using COMSOL Multiphysics software for three configurations that incorporate a combination of active and passive material layers, namely: (1) a single-notch unimorph folding configuration actuated using only external electric field, (2) a double-notch unimorph folding configuration actuated using only external electric field, and (3) a bifold configuration which is actuated using multi-field (electric and magnetic) stimuli. The objectives of the study are to verify the effectiveness of the FEA models to simulate folding behavior and to investigate the influence of geometric parameters on folding quality. Equivalent mechanical pressure and surface stress are used as external loads in the FEA to simulate electric and magnetic fields, respectively. Compared quantitatively with experimental data, FEA captured the folding performance of electric actuation well for notched configurations and magnetic actuation for a bifold structure, but underestimated electric actuation for the bifold structure. By investigating the impact of geometric parameters and locations to place smart materials, FEA can be used in design, avoiding trial-and-error iterations of experiments.

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Section: Mae Based Actuationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The bifold was placed inside of a large, horizontally oriented electromagnet. Upon application of a magnetic field, the MAE patches rotate to fold the PDMS substrate as they attempt to align with the applied field[46].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Finite element analysis of electroactive polymer and magnetoactive elastomer based actuation for origami folding

Zhang

Ahmed

Masters

et al. 2017

Smart Mater. Struct.

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“…The concept of origami folding has been drawing intense interest and has inspired novel applications in many different fields, such as biomedical devices, (Hanks et al, 2016, 2017; Mousavi-Khattat et al, 2015), deformable solar cells (Tang et al, 2014; Zirbel et al, 2013), robotics (Cheng et al, 2017; Mu et al, 2015; Onal et al, 2015), stackable paper batteries (Lee and Choi, 2015), and adaptive manufacturing (Yuan et al, 2017). A number of research studies have focused on applications of self-folding structures (Bani-Hani and Karami, 2015; Del Grosso and Basso, 2010; Neville et al, 2017; Silverberg et al, 2015; Wilcox et al, 2015; Yan et al, 2016), where multiple mechanisms are applied to actuate active folding structures, among which are light-responsive polymers (Liu et al, 2012; Ryu et al, 2012), electroactive polymers (EAPs) (Ahmed and Ounaies, 2016a; Ahmed et al, 2015), magnetoactive elastomers (MAEs) (Bowen et al, 2015, 2016, 2017; Crivaro et al, 2016), and shape memory materials (Firouzeh et al, 2017; Hernandez et al, 2017; Zhakypov et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Finite element analysis of electroactive and magnetoactive coupled behaviors in multi-field origami structures

Wei

Ahmed

Masters

et al. 2018

Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures

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Active origami-inspired designs, which incorporate active materials such as electroactive polymers and magnetoactive elastomers into self-folding structures, have shown good promise in engineering applications. In this article, finite element analysis models are developed for several bending and folding configurations that incorporate a combination of active and passive material layers, such as electroactive polymer-actuated unimorph benders based on single and multilayer electroactive polymers, electroactive polymer-actuated notched unimorph folding configurations, and a multi-field actuated bimorph configuration. Constitutive relations are developed for both electrostrictive and magnetoactive materials to model the coupled behaviors explicitly. Shell elements are adopted for their capacity of modeling thin films, relatively low computational cost, and ability to model the intrinsic coupled behaviors in the active materials under consideration. The electrostrictive coefficients are measured and then used as input in the constitutive modeling of the coupled behavior. The magnetization of the magnetoactive elastomer is measured and then used to calculate the magnetic torque as a function of the special orientation, which leads to spatial deformation of the magnetoactive elastomers. The objective of the study is to validate the constitutive models implemented through the finite element analysis method to simulate multi-field coupled behaviors of the active origami configurations. Through quantitative comparisons, simulation results show good agreement with experimental data. By investigating the impact of material selection, location, and geometric parameters, this finite element analysis approach can be used in design of self-folding structures, reducing trial-and-error iterations in experiments.

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“…Recent advances in smart materials and their applications have focused attention toward developing self-folding structures [10,13,14]. Several types of origami-inspired self-folding structures have been made in the past, including those utilizing the Miura-ori [12] and Waterbomb [14] patterns, origami cranes [10], barking dog [15] and an origami inspired forceps [16].…”

Section: Self-folding Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-objective optimization of a multi-field actuated, multilayered, segmented flexible composite beam

Erol

Lockette

Frecker

2019

Smart Mater. Struct.

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Multi-layered, self-actuated devices have been the focus of recent studies due to their ability to exhibit large displacements and achieve complex shapes. Such devices have been constructed using active materials responsive to varying stimuli including electro-active and magneto-active materials to perform useful functions and achieve a wider variety of target shapes compared to single-field actuated unimorph/bimorph structures. However, fabrication of these devices for experimentation is time-consuming and expensive, which warrants the use of simulations as a means of designing high-performing structures. This work seeks to optimize structures employing materials response to magnetic and electric fields for multiple objective functions selected based on the needs of soft robotics applications such as grippers. A multi-objective optimization problem is constructed, utilizing a model developed for any arbitrary number of segments, layers, and material types, accommodating for large displacements and simultaneously applied fields. Three objective functions are chosen: (1) target shape approximation, based on the errors between the coordinates of the computed and desired shapes, (2) cost based on volume of magnetic material, and (3) work performed on a tip-force. The arbitrary optimization problem is reduced to a specific case study containing eight segments to alleviate the computational cost of an unwieldy number of parameters. The parameters are narrowed to: (1) segment lengths, (2) magnetic material in each magneto-active layer. The structure is pre-set to three material types: electro-active polymer, magneto-active elastomer, and a passive substrate. The case study's optimization problem is performed by a genetic algorithm developed by MATLAB for multiple objective functions. The results of the optimization on the case study are analyzed by studying the feasible designs on the Pareto front of the objective functions. Different trade-offs between objective functions are identified, and various feasible designs are found more suitable than others, based on the needs and priorities of an application.

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Design, Fabrication, and Modeling of an Electric–Magnetic Self-Folding Sheet

Cited by 11 publications

References 46 publications

Finite element analysis of electroactive polymer and magnetoactive elastomer based actuation for origami folding

Finite element analysis of electroactive polymer and magnetoactive elastomer based actuation for origami folding

Finite element analysis of electroactive and magnetoactive coupled behaviors in multi-field origami structures

Multi-objective optimization of a multi-field actuated, multilayered, segmented flexible composite beam

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