Design, Fabrication, and Analysis of Flapping and Folding Wing Mechanism for a Robotic Bird

Ryu, Seung Wan; Lee, Jong Gu; Kim, Hyoun Jin

doi:10.1007/s42235-020-0018-3

Cited by 24 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Reducing the span in the upstroke reduces the resistance and ultimately provides net lift in the downstroke as the span expanded. Various other studies have considered the concept of flapping-folding (only) and showed that the inclusion of folding (or span reduction) enhances the aerodynamic performance by increasing lift and thrust while decreasing power consumption (21,23,47) .…”

Section: Case 2: Elbow Joint and The Effects Of Varying The Span Reduction Anglementioning

confidence: 99%

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Realisation and testing of novel fully articulated bird-inspired flapping wings for efficient and agile UAVs

et al. 2021

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Large birds have evolved an effective wing anatomy and mechanics, enabling airborne mastery of manoeuvres and endurance. For these very reasons, they are difficult to replicate and study. The aim of the present work is to achieve active wing articulations to mimic natural bird flapping towards efficient and agile Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The proposed design, bio-mimicking the black-headed gull, Larus ridibundus, has three active and independent servo-controlled wing joints at the shoulder, elbow and wrist to achieve complex controls. The construction of the wing is realised through a polymeric skin and carbon fibre–epoxy composite spars and ribs. The wing movements (flapping, span reduction and twisting) envelopes of the full-scale robotic gull (Robogull) are examined using the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique and laser displacement sensing. Its aerodynamic performance was evaluated in a wind tunnel at various flapping parameters, wind speeds and angles of attack. It is observed that a flapping amplitude of 45 $^\circ$ is more favourable than 90 $^\circ$ for generating higher lift and thrust, while also depending on the presence of span reduction, twist and wind speed. The model performs better at a flying velocity of 4m/s as compared with 8m/s. Both lift and thrust are high at a higher flapping frequency of 2.5Hz. Combined variation of the flapping frequency and stroke ratio should be considered for better aerodynamic performance. The combination of a lower stroke ratio of 0.5 with a flapping frequency of 2.5Hz generates higher lift and thrust than other combinations. Span reduction and wing twist notably and independently enhance lift and thrust, respectively. An increase in the angle-of-attack increases lift but decreases thrust. The model can also generate a significant rolling moment when set at a bank angle of 20 $^\circ$ and operated with independently controlled flapping amplitudes for the wings (45 $^\circ$ for the left wing and 90 $^\circ$ for the right wing). Based on the optimal values for the flapping amplitude (45 $^\circ$ ), flapping frequency (2.5Hz) and flying velocity (4m/s), the Strouhal number (St) of the Robogull model is 0.24, lying in the optimal range ( $0.2 < \mathrm{St} < 0.4$ ) for natural flyers and swimmers.

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Section: Case 2: Elbow Joint and The Effects Of Varying The Span Reduction Anglementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The authors reported challenges in the wrist joint and could not achieve active wing twist. Ryu et al (23) developed and analysed wings with both flapping and flapping-folding motions. The authors reported an increase in lift and wing frequency due to the folding action.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Realisation and testing of novel fully articulated bird-inspired flapping wings for efficient and agile UAVs

et al. 2021

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“…Numerous types of aircraft with various propulsion configurations are used to perform different tasks, activities, and for research and development. In addition to conventional types of UAVs with fixed wings [8,9] and rotary wings [10][11][12], a number of hybrid configurations [13,14] and bioinspired propulsion configurations [15,16] are being investigated. Fixed-wing aircraft can achieve high speeds and compared to other types, consume less energy to achieve movement, but on the other hand, unable to perform the stationary flight.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Framework for Design and Additive Manufacturing of Specialised Multirotor UAV Parts

Petar¹,

Krznar²,

Krznar³

et al. 2022

Trends and Opportunities of Rapid Prototyping Technologies

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Rapid prototyping technologies have enabled a major step forward in the development of a very wide range of products, especially in the field of mechatronic systems. These technologies are largely related to additive manufacturing (AM), so-called 3D printing which is, in addition to product development, also suitable for the fabrication of mechatronic systems that are not intended for series production. In this chapter, a framework for the AM of specialised multirotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) parts is proposed and described for three AM technologies—fused deposition modelling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), and stereolithography (SLA). A different approach to parts design is shown where the main problems are addressed and guidelines for parts manufacturing are given. Special emphasis is related to the mechanical characteristics and low weight of the manufactured parts that are merged with carbon fibre segments. The manufactured (printed) parts are mounted in functional assemblies and preliminarily tested.

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“…Kinematic and dynamic analysis of many mechanisms that could be used in flapping wing domain were presented in the book by Norton. 20 Ryu et al 21 designed a foldable wing of a bird prototype using 4 bar linkages. The deployment and retraction motion of bird wing were simulated by Burgess 22 using four-bar chain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioinspired flapping wing UAV and its kinematic analysis—a novel approach

Dewangan

Pradhan

Roy

2022

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part K:

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A rich development in the domain of flapping wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (FWUAV) is not yet entirely sufficient to implement the findings of real-life situations. Using the limited knowledge of this domain, this work enlightens the scientific community by introducing a homegrown, patented flapping mechanism of foldable wing aerial vehicle. The synchronized dual wing flapping mechanism consists of a crank slotted lever, a gear train and a special type of 4 bar kinematic chain. The entire sets are powered by a DC motor through crank connected motor shaft. Flapping cycle works on quick return principle generated by crank slotted lever mechanism and foldable wing structure by the special type 4 bar chain with gear train ensure the controlled flapping frequency, twist angle, altitude gain and attitude parameters (Pitch, roll, yaw). This work majorly focuses on the kinematics of the developed bio mimic mechanism by observing the variation of flapping wing orientation, angular velocity and angular acceleration with respect to the crank rotation as well as different crank speeds. These analytically obtained kinematic parameters are further validated after developing a three-dimensional model of the said mechanism as well as multibody analysis by MSC ADAMS. The patterns of the kinematic parameters such that angular displacement, angular velocity and angular acceleration between output and input links are similar and its validation guarantees the correctness of developed mechanism. The kinematic analyzes of linkages are also essential for dynamic study as well as fabrication of prototype.

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Design, Fabrication, and Analysis of Flapping and Folding Wing Mechanism for a Robotic Bird

Cited by 24 publications

References 34 publications

Realisation and testing of novel fully articulated bird-inspired flapping wings for efficient and agile UAVs

Realisation and testing of novel fully articulated bird-inspired flapping wings for efficient and agile UAVs

Framework for Design and Additive Manufacturing of Specialised Multirotor UAV Parts

Bioinspired flapping wing UAV and its kinematic analysis—a novel approach

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