Design, Development, and Testing of an App for Dual-Task Assessment and Training Regarding Cognitive-Motor Interference (CMI-APP) in People With Multiple Sclerosis: Multicenter Pilot Study

Abstract

Background Interest toward dual-task training (DTT) is increasing as traditional interventions may not prepare patients to adequately face the challenges of most activities of daily living. These usually involve simultaneous cognitive and motor tasks, and they often show a decline in performance. Cognitive-motor interference (CMI) has been investigated in different neurological populations, but limited evidence is present for people with multiple sclerosis (MS). The use of computerized tools is mandatory to allow the application of more standardized assessment and rehabilitation intervention protocols and easier implementation of multicenter and multilanguage studies. Objective To describe the design and development of CMI-APP, an adaptive and interactive technology tablet-based app, and to present the preliminary results of a multicenter pilot study involving people with MS performed in several European centers for evaluating the feasibility of and adherence to a rehabilitation program based on CMI-APP. Methods CMI-APP includes user-friendly interfaces for personal data input and management, assessment of CMI, and DTT. A dedicated team developed CMI-APP for Android tablets above API level 14 (version 4.0), using C# as the programming language and Unity and Visual Studio as development tools. Three cognitive assessment tests for working memory, information processing speed, and sustained attention and four motor assessment tests for walking at different difficulty levels were implemented. Dual cognitive-motor tasks were performed by combining single cognitive and motor tasks. CMI-APP implements exercises for DTT involving the following 12 cognitive functions: sustained attention, text comprehension, verbal fluency, auditory discrimination, visual discrimination, working memory, information processing speed, auditory memory, visual memory, verbal analog reasoning, visual analog reasoning, and visual spatial planning, which can be performed during walking or stepping on the spot. Fifteen people with MS (mean age 52.6, SD 8.6 years; mean disease duration 9.4, SD 8.4 years; mean Expanded Disability Status Scale score 3.6, SD 1.1) underwent DTT (20 sessions). Adherence to the rehabilitation program was evaluated according to the percentage of performed sessions, perceived exertion during the training (Borg 15-point Ratings of Perceived Exertion [RPE] Scale), and subjective experience of the training (Intrinsic Motivation Inventory [IMI]). Results The adherence rate was 91%. DTT was perceived as “somewhat difficult” (mean RPE Scale score 12.6, SD 1.9). IMI revealed that participants enjoyed the training and felt that it was valuable and, to some extent, important, without feelings of pressure. They felt competent, although they did not always feel they could choose the exercises, probably because the therapist chose the exercises and many exercises had few difficulty levels. Conclusions CMI-APP is safe, highly usable, motivating, and well accepted for DTT by people with MS. The findings are fundamental for the preparation of future large-sample studies examining CMI and the effectiveness of DTT interventions with CMI-APP in people with MS.

Differential effects and discriminative validity of motor and cognitive tasks varying in difficulty on cognitive–motor interference in persons with multiple sclerosis

“…The 'single cognitive', 'single motor' and 'cognitive-motor DT-conditions' were provided via a tablet application (CMI-APP) 12 and were previously described. 7,12 Each task was performed for 1 minute.…”

Electronic Health Interventions in the Case of Multiple Sclerosis: From Theory to Practice

“…Functions of the autonomic nervous system, upper and lower limb functions, movement, cognition and other body functions can be permanently recorded with accelerometers, gyroscopes and glove-type monitors and thus provide a more precise overview of the disease [ 26 ]. Special offers such as Home-Based Tablet App for Dexterity Training (Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Society, Bayer AG; 2020) [ 43 ], the personalized mobile application WalkWithMe [ 44 ], the App for Dual-Task Assessment and Training Regarding Cognitive-Motor Interference (Novartis Pharma AG;; Swedisch PROMOBILIA foundation; Flemish MS Liga; 2016) [ 45 ] and additional eHealth interventions [ 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ] offer exercises to reduce various disabilities.…”

Digital Technology in Clinical Trials for Multiple Sclerosis: Systematic Review

“…Databases we have used (pubmed.gov, 26 May 2021, and clinicaltrials.gov, 26 May 2021) were not specifically organised for the topic of our review (e.g., absence of specific Medical Subject Headings), possibly limiting the number of included studies. Also, we need to acknowledge that a number of digital technology tools have been developed, but not included in clinical trials [ 93 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 ], and that digital health is a very dynamic and quickly evolving topic, with many studies being published after our research was carried out; thus, we have definitely missed some studies using digital technology in MS. However, we specifically focused on concluded and ongoing clinical trials (which are more likely to be translated to clinical practice) [ 27 ], while a full review of digital technology in MS should be evaluated in other studies.…”