Design, construction and operation of the ProtoDUNE-SP Liquid Argon TPC

Collaboration, DUNE; Abud, A. Abed; Abi, B.; Acciarri, R.; Acero, M. A.; Adames, M. R.; Adamov, G.; Adams, D.; Adinolfi, M.; Aduszkiewicz, A.; Aguilar, J.; Ahmad, Z.; Ahmed, J.; Ali-Mohammadzadeh, B.; Alion, T.; Allison, K.; Monsalve, S. Alonso; Alrashed, M.; Alt, C.; Alton, A.; Amedo, P.; Anderson, J.; Andreopoulos, C.; M., Andreotti,; Andrews, M. P.; Andrianala, F.; Andringa, S.; Anfimov, N.; Ankowski, A.; Antoniassi, M.; Antonova, M.; Antoshkin, A.; Antusch, S.; Aranda-Fernandez, A.; Ariga, A.; Arnold, L. O.; Arroyave, M. A.; Asaadi, J.; Asquith, L.; Aurisano, A.; Aushev, V.; Autiero, D.; Ayala-Torres, M.; Azfar, F.; Back, A.; Back, H.; Back, J. J.; Backhouse, C.; Baesso, P.; Bagaturia, I.; Bagby, L.; Balashov, N.; Balasubramanian, S.; Baldi, P.; Baller, B.; Bambah, B.; Barao, F.; Barenboim, G.; Barker, G. J.; Barkhouse, W.; Barnes, C.; Barr, G.; Monarca, J. Barranco; Barros, A.; Barros, N.; Barrow, J. L.; Basharina-Freshville, A.; Bashyal, A.; Basque, V.; Belchior, E.; Battat, J. B. R.; Battisti, F.; Bay, F.; Alba, J. L. Bazo; Beacom, J. F.; Bechetoille, E.; Behera, B.; L., Bellantoni,; Bellettini, G.; Bellini, V.; Beltramello, O.; Belver, D.; Benekos, N.; Montiel, C. Benitez; Neves, F. Bento; Berger, J.; Berkman, S.; Bernardini, P.; Berner, R. M.; Berns, H.; Bertolucci, S.; Betancourt, M.; Rodríguez, A.; Bevan, A.; Bezerra, T. J. C.; Bhattacharjee, M.; Bhuller, S.; Bhuyan, B.; Biagi, S.; Bian, J.; Biassoni, M.; Biery, K.; Bilki, B.; Bishai, M.; Bitadze, A.; Blake, A.; Blaszczyk, F. d. M.; Blazey, G. C.; Blucher, E.; Boissevain, J.; Bolognesi, S.; Bolton, T.; Bomben, L.; Bonesini, M.; Bongrand, M.; Bonini, F.; Booth, A.; Booth, C.; Boran, F.; Bordoni, S.; Borkum, A.; Boschi, T.; Bostan, N.; Bour, P.; Bourgeois, C.; Boyd, S. B.; Boyden, D.; Bracinik, J.; Braga, D.; Brailsford, D.; Branca, A.; Brandt, A.; Bremer, J.; Brew, C.; Brianne, E.; Brice, S. J.; Brizzolari, C.; Bromberg, C.; Brooijmans, G.; Brooke, J.; Bross, A.; Brunetti, G.; Brunetti, M.; Buchanan, N.; Budd, H.; Butorov, I.; Cagnoli, I.; Caiulo, D.; Calabrese, R.; Calafiura, P.; Calcutt, J.; Calin, M.; Calvez, S.; Calvo, E.; Caminata, A.; Campanelli, M.; Cankocak, K.; Caratelli, D.; Carini, G.; Carlus, B.; Carneiro, M. F.; Carniti, P.; Caro, Terrazas, I.; Carranza, H.; Carroll, T.; Casta, J. F.; Castillo, A.; Castromonte, C.; Catano-Mur, E.; Cattadori, C.; Cavalier, F.; Cavanna, F.; Centro, S.; Cerati, G.; Cervelli, A.; Villanueva, A. Cervera; Chalifour, M.; Chappell, A.; Chardonnet, E.; Charitonidis, N.; Chatterjee, A.; Chattopadhyay, S.; Chen, H.; Chen, K.; Chen, M.; Chen, Y.; Chen, Z.; Cheon, Y.; Cherdack, D.; Chi, C.; Childress, S.; Chiriacescu, A.; Chisnall, G.; Cho, K.; Choate, S.; Chokheli, D.; Chong, P. S.; Choubey, S.; Christensen, A.; Christian, D.; Christodoulou, G.; Chukanov, A.; Chung, M.; Church, E.; Cicero, V.; Clarke, P.; Coan, T. E.; Cocco, A. G.; Coelho, J. A. B.; Conley, E.; Conley, R.; Conrad, J. M.; Convery, M.; Copello, S.; Corwin, L.; Valentim, R.; Cremaldi, L.; Cremonesi, L.; Crespo-Anadón, J. I.; Crisler, M.; Cristaldo, E.; Cross, R.; Cudd, A.; Cuesta, C.; Cui, Y.; Cussans, D.; Dabrowski, M.; Dalager, O.; H., da Motta,; Peres, L. Da Silva; C., David,; David, Q.; Davies, G. S.; Davini, S.; Dawson, J.; De, K.; Almeida, R. M. de; Debbins, P.; Bonis, I. De; Decowski, M. P.; Gouvea, A. de; Holanda, P. C. de; Astiz, I. L. De Icaza; Deisting, A.; Jong, P. De; Delbart, A.; Delepine, D.; Delgado, M.; Dell'Acqua, A.; Lurgio, P. De; Neto, J. R. T. de Mello; DeMuth, D. M.; Dennis, S.; Densham, C.; Deptuch, G. W.; Roeck, A. De; Romeri, V. De; Souza, G. De; Devi, R.; Dharmapalan, R.; Dias, M.; Diaz, F.; Diaz, J. S.; Domizio, S. Di; Giulio, L. Di; Ding, P.; Noto, L. Di; Distefano, C.; Diurba, R.; Diwan, M.; Djurcic, Z.; Doering, D.; Dolan, S.; Dolek, F.; Dolinski, M. J.; Domine, L.; Douglas, D.; Douillet, D.; Drake, G.; Drielsma, F.; Duarte, L.; Duchesneau, D.; Duffy, K.; Dunne, P.; Durkin, T.; Duyang, H.; Dvornikov, O.; Dwyer, D. A.; Dyshkant, A. S.; Eads, M.; Earle, A.; Edmunds, D.; Eisch, J.; Emberger, L.; Emery, S.; Ereditato, A.; Erjavec, T.; Escobar, C. O.; Eurin, G.; Evans, J. J.; Ewart, E.; Ezeribe, A. C.; Fahey, K.; Falcone, A.; Faní, M.; Farnese, C.; Farzan, Y.; Fedoseev, D.; Felix, J.; Feng, Y.; Fernández‐Martínez, E.; Menendez, P. Fernandez; Morales, M. Fernandez; Ferraro, F.; Fields, L.; Filip, P.; Filthaut, F.; Fiorentini, A.; Fiorini, M.; Fitzpatrick, R. S.; Flanagan, W.; Fleming, B.; Flight, R.; Forero, D. V.; Fowler, J.; Fox, W.; Franc, J.; K., Francis,; Franco, D.; Freeman, J.; Freestone, J.; Fried, J.; Friedland, A.; Robayo, F. Fuentes; Fuess, S.; Furic, I.; Furmanski, A. P.; Gabrielli, A.; Gago, A.; Gallagher, H.; Gallas, A.; Gallego-Ros, A.; Gallice, N.; Galymov, V.; Gamberini, E.; Gamble, T.; Ganacim, F.; Gandhi, R.; Gandrajula, R.; Gao, F.; Gao, S.; B., A. C. Garcia; Garcia-Gamez, D.; García-Peris, M. A.; Gardiner, S.; Gastler, D.; Gauvreau, J.; Ge, G.; Gelli, B.; Gendotti, A.; S., Gent,; Ghorbani-Moghaddam, Z.; Giammaria, P.; Giammaria, T.; Gibin, D.; Gil-Botella, I.; Gilligan, S.; Girerd, C.; Giri, A. K.; Gnani, D.; Gogota, O.; Gold, M.; Gollapinni, S.; Gollwitzer, K.; Gomes, R. A.; Bermeo, L. V. Gomez; Fajardo, L. S. Gomez; Gonnella, F.; Gonzalez-Cuevas, J. A.; Díaz, Diego González; Gonzalez-Lopez, M.; Goodman, M. C.; Goodwin, O.; Goswami, S.; Gotti, C.; Goudzovski, E.; Grace, C.; Graham, M.; Gran, R.; Granados, E.; Granger, P.; Grant, A.; Grant, C.; Gratieri, D.; Green, P.; Greenler, L.; Greer, J.; Grenard, J.; Griffith, W. C.; Groh, M.; Grudzinski, J.; Grzelak, K.; Gu, W.; Guardincerri, E.; Guarino, V.; Guarise, M.; Guenette, R.; Guerard, E.; Guerzoni, M.; Guglielmi, A.; Guo, B.; Guthikonda, K. K.; Gutierrez, R.; Guzowski, P.; Guzzo, M. M.; Gwon, S.; Ha, C.; A., Habig,; Hadavand, H.; Haenni, R.; Hahn, A.; Haiston, J.; Hamacher-Baumann, P.; Hamernik, T.; Hamilton, P.; Han, J.; Harris, D. A.; Hartnell, J.; Harton, J.; Hasegawa, T.; Hasnip, C.; Hatcher, R.; Hatfield, K. W.; Hatzikoutelis, A.; Hayes, C.; K., Hayrapetyan,; Hays, J.; Hazen, E.; He, M.; Heavey, A.; Heeger, K. M.; Heise, J.; Hennessy, K.; Henry, S.; Morquecho, M. A. Hernández; Herner, K.; Hertel, L.; Hewes, J.; Higuera, A.; Hill, T.; Hillier, S. J.; Himmel, A.; Hirsch, L. R.; Ho, J.; Hoff, J.; Holin, A.; Hoppe, E.; Horton-Smith, G. A.; Hostert, M.; Hourlier, A.; Howard, B.; Howell, R.; Hristova, I.; Hronek, M. S.; Huang, J.; Hugon, J.; Iles, G.; Ilic, N.; Iliescu, A. M.; Illingworth, R.; Ingratta, G.; Ioannisian, A.; Isenhower, L.; Itay, R.; Izmaylov, A.; Jackson, C. M.; Jain, V.; James, E.; Jang, W.; Jargowsky, B.; Jediny, F.; Jena, D.; Jeong, Y. S.; Jesus-Valls, C.; Ji, X.; L., Jiang,; S., Jimenez,; Jipa, A.; Johnson, R.; Johnston, N.; Jones, B.; Jones, S. B.; Judah, M.; Jung, C. K.; Junk, T.; Jwa, Y.; M., Kabirnezhad,; Kaboth, A.; Kadenko, I.; Kalra, D.; Kakorin, I.; Kalitkina, A.; Kamiya, F.; Kaneshige, N.; Karagiorgi, G.; Karaman, G.; A., Karcher,; Karolak, M.; Karyotakis, Y.; Kasai, S.; Kasetti, S. P.; Kashur, L.; Kazaryan, N.; Kearns, E.; Keener, P.; Kelly, K. J.; Kemp, E.; Kemularia, O.; W., Ketchum,; Kettell, S. H.; Khabibullin, M.; Khotjantsev, A.; Khvedelidze, A.; Kim, D.; King, B.; Kirby, B.; Kirby, M.; Klein, J.; Koehler, K.; Koerner, L. W.; Kohn, S.; Koller, P. P.; Kolupaeva, L.; Korablev, D.; Kordosky, M.; Kosc, T.; Kose, U.; Kostelecký, V. Alan; Kothekar, K.; Krennrich, F.; Kreslo, I.; Kropp, W.; Kudenko, Y.; Kudryavtsev, V.A.; Kulagin, S.; Kumar, J.; Kumar, P.; Kunze, P.; Kuruppu, C.; Kus, V.; Kutter, T.; Kvasnicka, J.; Kwak, D.; Lambert, A.; Land, B. J.; Lande, K.; Lane, C. E.; Lang, K.; Langford, T.; Langstaff, M.; Larkin, J.; Lasorak, P.; Last, D.; Lastoria, C.; Laundrie, A.; Laurenti, G.; Lawrence, A.; Lazanu, I.; LaZur, R.; Lazzaroni, M.; Le, T.; Leardini, S.; Learned, J.; LeBrun, P.; LeCompte, T.; C., Lee,; Lee, S. Y.; Miotto, G. Lehmann; Lehnert, R.; Oliveira, M. A. Leigui de; M., Leitner,; Lepin, L. M.; L., Li,; Li, S. W.; Li, T.; Li, Y.; Liao, H.; Lin, C. S.; Lin, Q.; Lin, S.; Ling, J.; Lister, A.; Littlejohn, B. R.; Liu, J.; Lockwitz, S.; Loew, T.; Lokajicek, M.; Lomidze, I.; Long, K.; Loo, K.; Lord, T.; LoSecco, J. M.; Louis, W. C.; Lu, X. -G.; Luk, K. B.; Luo, X.; Luppi, E.; Lurkin, N.; Lux, T.; Luzio, V. P.; MacFarlane, D.; Machado, A. A.; Machado, P.; Macias, C. T.; Macier, J. R.; A., Maddalena,; Madera, A.; Madigan, P.; Magill, S.; Mahn, K.; Maio, A.; Major, A.; Maloney, J. A.; Mandrioli, G.; Mandujano, R. C.; Maneira, J.; L., Manenti,; Manly, S.; Mann, A.; Manolopoulos, K.; Plata, M. Manrique; Manyam, V. N.; Manzanillas, L.; Marchan, M.; Marchionni, A.; Marciano, W.; Marfatia, D.; Mariani, C.; Maricic, J.; Marie, R.; Marinho, F.; Marino, A. D.; Marsden, D.; Marshak, M.; Marshall, C. M.; Marshall, J.; Marteau, J.; Martin-Albo, J.; N., Martinez,; Caicedo, D. A. Martínez; Martynenko, S.; Mascagna, V.; Mason, K.; Mastbaum, A.; Masud, M.; Matichard, F.; Matsuno, S.; Matthews, J.; Mauger, C.; Mauri, N.; Mavrokoridis, K.; Mawby, I.; Mazza, R.; Mazzacane, A.; Mazzucato, E.; McAskill, T.; McCluskey, E.; N., McConkey,; McFarland, KS; McGrew, C.; McNab, A.; Mefodiev, A.; Mehta, P.; Melas, P.; Mena, O.; Menary, S.; Mendez, H.; Mendez, P.; M, D. P.; Menegolli, A.; Meng, G.; Messier, M. D.; Metcalf, W.; Mettler, T.; Mewes, M.; Meyer, H.; T., Miao,; Michna, G.; Miedema, T.; Mikola, V.; Milincic, R.; Miller, G.; Miller, W.; Mills, J.; Milne, C.; O., Mineev,; Miranda, O. G.; Miryala, S.; Mishra, C. S.; Mishra, S. R.; Mislivec, A.; Mladenov, D.; Mocioiu, I.; Moffat, K.; Moggi, N.; Mohanta, R.; Mohayai, T. A.; Mokhov, N.; Molina, J.; Bueno, L. Molina; Montagna, E.; Montanari, A.; Montanari, C.; Montanari, D.; Zetina, L. Montaño; Moon, J.; Moon, S. H.; Mooney, M.; Moor, A. F.; Moreno, D.; Morris, C.; Mossey, C.; Motuk, E.; Moura, C. A.; Mousseau, J.; Mouster, G.; Mu, W.; Mualem, L.; Mueller, J.; Muether, M.; Mufson, S.; F., Muheim,; Muir, A.; Mulhearn, M.; Munford, D.; Muramatsu, H.; Murphy, S.; Musser, J.; Nachtman, J.; Nagu, S.; Nalbandyan, M.; Nandakumar, R.; Naples, D.; S., Narita,; Nath, A.; Navas-Nicolás, D.; Navrer-Agasson, A.; Nayak, N.; Nebot-Guinot, M.; Negishi, K.; Nelson, J. K.; Nesbit, J.; Nessi, M.; Newbold, D.; Newcomer, M.; Newhart, D.; Newton, H.; Nichol, R.; Nicolas-Arnaldos, F.; Niner, E.; Nishimura, K.; Norman, A.; Norrick, A.; Northrop, R.; Novella, P.; Nowak, J. A.; Oberling, M.; Ochoa-Ricoux, J. P.; Campo, A. Olivares Del; Olivier, A.; Olshevskiy, A.; Onel, Y.; Onishchuk, Y.; Ott, J.; Pagani, L.; Pakvasa, S.; Palacio, G.; Palamara, O.; Palestini, S.; Paley, J. M.; Pallavicini, M.; Palomares, C.; Palomino-Gallo, J. L.; Vazquez, W. Panduro; Pantic, E.; Paolone, V.; Papadimitriou, V.; Papaleo, R.; Papanestis, A.; Paramesvaran, S.; Parke, S.; Parozzi, E.; Parsa, Z.; Parvu, M.; Pascoli, S.; Pasqualini, L.; Pasternak, J.; Pater, J.; Patrick, C.; Patrizii, L.; Patterson, Robert B.; Patton, S. J.; Patzak, T.; Paudel, A.; Paulos, B.; Paulucci, L.; Pavlovic, Z.; Pawloski, G.; Payne, D.; Pec, V.; Peeters, S. J. M.; Pennacchio, E.; Penzo, A.; Peres, O. L. G.; Perry, J.; Pershey, D.; Pessina, G.; Petrillo, G.; Petta, C.; Petti, R.; Piastra, F.; Pickering, L.; Pietropaolo, F.; Plunkett, R.; Poling, R.; X., Pons,; Poonthottathil, N.; Poppi, F.; Pordes, S.; Porter, J.; Potekhin, M.; Potenza, R.; Potukuchi, B.; Pozimski, J.; Pozzato, M.; Prakash, S.; Prakash, T.; Prest, M.; Prince, S.; Psihas, F.; Pugnere, D.; Qian, X.; Bazetto, M. C. Q.; Raaf, J. L.; Radeka, V.; Rademacker, J.; Radics, B.; Rafique, A.; Raguzin, E.; Rai, M.; Rajaoalisoa, M.; Rakhno, I.; Rakotonandrasana, A.; Rakotondravohitra, L.; Ramachers, Y.; Rameika, R.; Delgado, M. A. Ramirez; Ramson, B.; Rappoldi, A.; Raselli, G.; Ratoff, P.; Raut, S.; Razakamiandra, R. F.; Rea, E.; Real, J. S.; Rebel, B.; M., Reggiani-Guzzo,; Rehak, T.; Reichenbacher, J.; Reitzner, S. D.; Sfar, H. Rejeb; Renshaw, A.; Rescia, S.; Resnati, F.; Reynolds, A.; Ribas, M.; Riboldi, S.; Riccio, C.; Riccobene, G.; Rice, L. C. J.; Ricol, J.; Rigamonti, A.; Rigaut, Y.; Rivera, Dominic A.; Robert, A.; Rochester, L.; Roda, M.; Rodrigues, P.; Alonso, M. J. Rodriguez; Bonilla, E. Rodriguez; Rondon, J. Rodriguez; Villa, L. A. Romo; Rosauro-Alcaraz, S.; Rosenberg, M.; Rosier, P.; Roskovec, B.; Rossella, M.; Rossi, M.; Rout, J.; Roy, P.; Roy, S.; Rubbia, A.; C., Rubbia,; Rubio, F. C.; Russell, B.; Ruterbories, D.; Rybnikov, A.; Saa-Hernandez, A.; Saakyan, R.; Sacerdoti, S.; Safford, T.; Sahu, N.; Sala, P.; Samios, N.; Samoylov, O.; Sanchez, M. C.; Sandberg, V.; Sanders, D. A.; Sankey, D.; Santana, S.; Santos-Maldonado, M.; Saoulidou, N.; Sapienza, P.; Sarasty, C.; Sarcevic, I.; Savage, G.; Savinov, V.; Scaramelli, A.; Scarff, A.; Scarpelli, A.; Schaffer, T.; Schellman, H.; Schifano, S.; Schlabach, P.; Schmitz, D.; Scholberg, K.; Schukraft, A.; Segreto, E.; A., Selyunin,; Senise, C. R.; Sensenig, J.; Seoane, M.; Seong, I.; Sergi, A.; Sgalaberna, D.; Shaevitz, M. H.; Shafaq, S.; Shamma, M.; Sharankova, R.; Sharma, H. 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P.; Zennamo, J.; Zeug, K.; Zhang, C.; Zhao, M.; Zhivun, E.; Zhu, G.; Zilberman, P.; Zimmerman, Elizabeth; Zito, M.; Zucchelli, S.; Zuklin, J.; Zutshi, V.; Zwaska, R.

doi:10.48550/arxiv.2108.01902

Cited by 10 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 0 publications

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“…This detector system needs to have the capability to measure the time of the event precisely to isolate the several particle tracks that are within a single drift time, but it also needs to have basic fast pattern recognition capability to select interesting events at the trigger level. The LArTPC is expected to be installed in a membrane cryostat with passive insulation and with inner dimensions of 2.1 m × 2.1 m × 8.2 m. Following the example of ProtoDUNE [42,43], the membrane cryostat technology allows the cryostat to be constructed underground. The insulation, being passive, ensures reliable and safe long-term performance.…”

Section: Flare: Forward Liquid Argon Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Forward Physics Facility: Sites, Experiments, and Physics Potential

Anchordoqui,

Ariga,

Ariga

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Section: Flare: Forward Liquid Argon Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Forward Physics Facility: Sites, Experiments, and Physics Potential

Anchordoqui,

Ariga,

Ariga

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…One set of measurements of the negative pion total hadronic cross section on Argon (for the pion kinetic energies in the range 100-700 MeV) was published by the LArIAT experiment [23] recently. The ProtoDUNE experiment [24,25] plans to publish results on the hadron-Argon cross sections for π + , proton, and K + in the momentum range 0.3-7 GeV/c, including processes of elastic scattering, quasielastic scattering, and various inelastic scattering channels (such as absorption and charge exchange), as well as the kinematic distributions of the final state particles.…”

Section: B Dedicated Measurements Benefiting Physics Model Developmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detector and Beamline Simulation for Next-Generation High Energy Physics Experiments

Banerjee¹,

Brown²,

Brown³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The success of high energy physics programs relies heavily on accurate detector simulations and beam interaction modeling. The increasingly complex detector geometries and beam dynamics require sophisticated techniques in order to meet the demands of current and future experiments. Common software tools used today are unable to fully utilize modern computational resources, while data-recording rates are often orders of magnitude larger than what can be produced via simulation. In this paper, we describe the state, current and future needs of high energy physics detector and beamline simulations and related challenges, and we propose a number of possible ways to address them.

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“…The flow rate of the GAr during the piston purge mode has been calculated to avoid back diffusion of oxygen in argon. The chosen linear speed of 1.2 m/hr has been experimentally verified in multiple installations at Fermilab and CERN [5,6,7,8]. The maximum cool-down rate of the detectors and the maximum temperature gradient between any two points are provided to ensure mechanical stability of the TPCs during cool-down [2].…”

Section: Relevant Design and Cryogenics Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To qualify the cryogenics system technology (as well as the membrane technology used for all but one of the cryostats) a strong prototyping effort is ongoing: several smaller detectors of increasing size with associated cryostats and cryogenics systems are in operation at Fermilab and CERN as part of the Short Baseline Neutrino (SBN) and ProtoDUNE programs, with an additional prototype under construction [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview and status of the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility Far Site cryogenics system

Montanari

Adamowski

Bremer

et al. 2022

IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.

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The Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) will host the Far Detector of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), an international multi-kiloton Long-Baseline neutrino experiment that will be installed about one and a half kilometers underground in Lead, SD. Detectors will be located inside four cryostats filled with almost 70,000 metric tons of ultrapure liquid argon, with a level of impurities lower than 100 parts per trillion of oxygen equivalent contamination. The cryogenics infrastructure supporting this experiment is provided by the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF). This contribution presents modes of operation, layout, and main features of the LBNF Far Site cryogenic system, which is composed of three subsystems: Infrastructure, Proximity, and Internal cryogenics. The Infrastructure cryogenics supports the needs of the cryostat and Proximity cryogenics. It includes the equipment to receive the argon in liquid phase, vaporize it and transfer it underground as a gas, the nitrogen system (composed of the refrigeration system, liquid nitrogen buffer tanks and liquid and gaseous nitrogen distribution), liquid and gaseous argon distribution and process controls. The Proximity cryogenics receives fluids from the Infrastructure cryogenics and delivers them to the Internal cryogenics at the required temperature, pressure, purity and mass flow rate. It includes the argon condensers, liquid and gaseous argon purification and regeneration systems, nitrogen and argon phase separators, piping, valves, and instrumentation. The Internal cryogenics comprises the liquid and gaseous argon distribution inside the cryostats for the commissioning, cool down, fill, and steady state operations of the cryostats and detectors. An international engineering team is designing these systems and will manufacture, install, commission, and qualify them. This contribution describes the main features, performance, functional requirements, and modes of operation of the LBNF Far Site cryogenics system. It also presents the status of the design, along with present and future needs to support the DUNE experiment.

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Design, construction and operation of the ProtoDUNE-SP Liquid Argon TPC

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