Design, construction and commissioning of a technological prototype of a highly granular SiPM-on-tile scintillator-steel hadronic calorimeter

Abstract

The CALICE collaboration is developing highly granular electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters for detectors at future energy frontier electron-positron colliders. After successful tests of a physics prototype, a technological prototype of the Analog Hadron Calorimeter has been built, based on a design and construction techniques scalable to a collider detector. The prototype consists of a steel absorber structure and active layers of small scintillator tiles that are individually read out by directly coupled SiPMs. Each layer has an active area of 72 × 72 cm^2 and a tile size of 3 × 3 cm^2. With 38 active layers, the prototype has nearly 22,000 readout channels, and its total thickness amounts to 4.4 nuclear interaction lengths. The dedicated readout electronics provide time stamping of each hit with an expected resolution of about 1 ns. The prototype was constructed in 2017 and commissioned in beam tests at DESY. It recorded muons, hadron showers and electron showers at different energies in test beams at CERN in 2018. In this paper, the design of the prototype, its construction and commissioning are described. The methods used to calibrate the detector are detailed, and the performance achieved in terms of uniformity and stability is presented.

Software compensation for highly granular calorimeters using machine learning

“…The calorimeter response is measured as the sum of the individual active cells (hits) in an event, 𝐸 sum = event 𝐸 hit . Additionally, the incident position of a charged particle in lateral coordinates is reconstructed using four delay wire chambers (DWC) of 10 × 10 cm 2 size, which is denoted as a vector [𝐼 track , 𝐽 track ] [10]. The track information is only relevant to event selection cuts described in section 2.3.…”

“…Both the neural network model defined in section 2.1 and the control model defined in section 2.2 were trained and validated using experimental data from a CALICE test beam study at the Super Proton Synchrotron at CERN in 2018, as well as a simulated dataset thereof [10]. Each case was studied separately.…”

Comparison of point cloud and image-based models for calorimeter fast simulation

“…The DD4HEP framework [55] is used to run Geant simulations of a high-granularity iron-scintillator calorimeter (based on the CALICE-style design [56]), which has dimensions similar to those of the forward hadronic calorimeter in the future ePIC detector (LFHCAL [44]) at the EIC. Specifically, the…”

The optimal use of segmentation for sampling calorimeters

“…Its towers have an area of 2.5 × 2.5 cm 2 , it is 17 cm deep (22 𝑋 0 , 1 𝜆 𝑛 ), and lacks longitudinal segmentation. Conversely, the HCAL adopts a design similar to that of CALICE SiPM-on-tile design [16], following a geometry proposed in ref. [17].…”

“…[14]) with and without (also called DeepSets [15]) edges. The calorimeters we study resemble the CALICE AHCAL [16], with a particular focus on configuration similar to the ePIC detector intended for use at the EIC [17,18]. Our objective is to offer insights into the ongoing design and optimization of the ePIC detector, considering the expected single particle energies at the EIC.…”