“…[1][2][3] However, due to the rapidly increasing population together with the over consumption of energy, the increasing energy needs of society cannot be met by renewable energy sources such as wind power and geothermal and solar energy sources. 4 Accordingly, electric energy from energy conversion and storage devices such as lithium-ion batteries, 5,6 metal air batteries, 7,8 supercapacitors, [9][10][11][12][13] fuel cells 14,15 and electrochemical water splitting is becoming a more signicant part of modern life due to its efficiency, sustainability, and greenness. [16][17][18][19][20][21][22] Owing to its ability to produce pure green hydrogen with high energy density as fuel together with zero carbon emission, electrochemical water splitting is considered a promising alternative.…”