“…Recently, many sensorless DTC techniques of three-phase machines have been developed to reduce the cost and increase the reliability of electric drive systems in specific applications (El Ouanjli et al, 2022). For this, motor speed can be obtained by models using measured inputs (voltage and current) (Bahloul et al, 2019;Boztas and Aydogmus, 2022;Han and Zhang, 2019;Holakooie et al, 2018;Krim and Mimouni, 2023). In this context, several methods have been proposed in the literature, such as the adaptive Luenberger observer (LO) (Yousfi et al, 2022), the extended Kalman filter (EKF) (Boztas and Aydogmus, 2022) and the full-order sliding mode observer (Zhou et al, 2021), to ensure sensorless control of the simple three-phase motor.…”