Design and thermodynamics analysis of marine dual fuel low speed engine with methane reforming integrated high pressure exhaust gas recirculation system

Application of IoT Technologies in Seaport Management

“…To solve this problem, Vakili et al [166] developed an energy management framework to reduce air emissions in shipbuilding. In addition, optimizing the ship design [167][168][169], using advanced techniques and applying post-treatment methods for SOx and NOx reduction [170][171][172][173][174][175][176][177], using low or free-carbon fuels (hydrogen, ammonia) [178][179][180][181][182][183][184][185], and/or developing methods for recovering the waste heat from large marine diesel engines [186][187][188][189], using renewable energy and energy storage technologies in ships, port, and vehicles in port [85,[190][191][192] could also be potential solutions to reduce pollutant emission from maritime and port actions. Although the above studies propose to solve this pollution by different methods, they are all towards sustainability for the environment, especially a specific environment such as seaports.…”

Dynamics of heat release in a dual-fuel engine

“…The processes of compression and expansion proceed without heat exchange with the external environment. In real conditions, during these processes, as well as during gas exchange and combustion, due to significant temperature differences between the working fluid and the cylinder walls, cylinder head, piston bottom, intense heat exchange occurs, as a result of which part of the heat is lost [20][21][22].…”

Interface of Ni-MgCr2O4 Spinel Promotes the Autothermal Reforming of Acetic Acid through Accelerated Oxidation of Carbon-Containing Intermediate Species

“…Hydrogen can be extracted via reforming processes of HAc via three major routes: steam reforming (SR), catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX), and autothermal reforming (ATR), as listed in eqs –. In contrast to endothermic SR with the requirement of high external heat energy and exothermic CPOX with a low hydrogen yield, the ATR process, which balances the reaction heat through regulating oxygen in feed, presents a higher energy efficiency and shows economical preferability. , CH 3 COOH + 2 normalH 2 normalO → 2 CO 2 + 4 normalH 2 , 0.25em normalΔ H = 131.4 0.25em kJ / mol CH 3 COOH + normalO 2 → 2 CO 2 + 2 normalH 2 , 0.25em normalΔ H = prefix− 350.6 0.25em kJ / mol CH 3 COOH + 1.44 normalH 2 normalO + 0.28 normalO 2 nobreak→ 2 CO 2 + 3.44 normalH 2 , newline0.25em normalΔ H nobreak= 0 0.25em kJ / mol Nonprecious metal catalysts, such as nickel-based catalysts, have been widely investigated due to their excellent activity in cleavage of C–C and C–H bonds within hydrocarbons for the reforming process. −…”

“…Hydrogen can be extracted via reforming processes of HAc via three major routes: steam reforming (SR), catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX), and autothermal reforming (ATR), as listed in eqs –. In contrast to endothermic SR with the requirement of high external heat energy and exothermic CPOX with a low hydrogen yield, the ATR process, which balances the reaction heat through regulating oxygen in feed, presents a higher energy efficiency and shows economical preferability. , Nonprecious metal catalysts, such as nickel-based catalysts, have been widely investigated due to their excellent activity in cleavage of C–C and C–H bonds within hydrocarbons for the reforming process. − Nevertheless, with O 2 in the feed of ATR, the active metal can be easily sintered and oxidized; besides, more significantly, carbon deposition is the main deactivation cause of nickel-based catalysts, which is specifically prominent when acetic acid is in the feed, due to the oxygenated nature of pyrolysis volatiles (eqs –) . In our previous studies, the structure–performance relationships of various Ni- or Co-based catalysts were explored to guide the design of the catalyst structure. , It is reasonable to demonstrate that increasing the dispersion of the active metal along with enhancing the interaction between Ni/Co particle-support is crucial to resisting sintering. , Besides, the oxidation of Ni 0 was proved to be inhibited by the electron transformation from WO 2 to the Ni on the WO 2 –Ni interface, elucidating that the construction of electron transfer between the Ni particle and the support effectively facilitated the antioxidant capacity of the catalysts .…”