Design and Study of a Novel Thermal-Resistant and Shear-Stable Amphoteric Polyacrylamide in High-Salinity Solution

Abstract

Water-soluble polymers are widely used in oilfields. The rheological behaviors of these polymers in high-salinity solution are very important for stimulation of high-salinity reservoirs. In this work, a novel thermal-resistant and shear-stable amphoteric polyacrylamide (PASD), prepared from acrylamide (AM), sodium styrene sulfonate (SSS), and acryloxyethyl trimethylammonium chloride (DAC) monomers, was prepared by free-radical polymerization in high-salinity solution. The amphoteric polyacrylamide was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H NMR), elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The amphoteric polyacrylamide exhibited excellent salinity tolerance. The slow increase in apparent viscosity of the polymer with increase in salinity was interesting. The amphoteric polyacrylamide showed perfect temperature resistance in high-salinity solution. The viscosity retention reached 38.9% at 120 • C and was restored to 87.8% of its initial viscosity when temperature was decreased to room temperature. The retention ratio of apparent viscosity reached 49.7% at 170 s −1 and could still retain it at 25.8% at 1000 s −1 . All these results demonstrated that PASD had excellent thermal-resistance and shear-stability in high-salinity solution. We expect that this work could provide a new strategy to design polymers with excellent salinity-tolerance, thermal-resistance, and shear-stability performances.

Assessment of Polyacrylamide Based Co-Polymers Enhanced by Functional Group Modifications with Regards to Salinity and Hardness

“…Also, wavenumbers 3325 and 2930 cm −1 represent the N-H stretching vibrations of the -CONH2 and -CH3 groups, respectively, whereas 1037 and 1181 cm −1 peaks may involve the -SO3 − group [25].…”

Hydrophobically associating polymers for enhanced oil recovery – Part A: A review on the effects of some key reservoir conditions

“…From Table 1, Xanthan Gum and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) show good field applicability under high salinity conditions compared to HPAM/PAM. Above all, the need to mitigate the challenges associated with the use of PAM/HPAM and biodegradable polymers for EOR purpose has M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 7 necessitated increased research into chemical derivatives of polyacrylamide (Taylor and Nasr El-Din, 1998;Guo et al, 2012;Ye et al, 2013;Chen, 2016;Dai et al, 2017). An important derivative is a hydrophobically associating polyacrylamide (HAPAM).…”

“…An important derivative is a hydrophobically associating polyacrylamide (HAPAM). The underlying goal for these derivatives was to improve the thickening capability of polyacrylamides under harsh reservoir conditions such as high temperature high salinity (HTHS) (Wever et al, 2013;Chen, 2016;Dai et al, 2017). The improved thickening capability of associative polymers ensures that it has a higher mobility reduction compared to HPAM polymers.…”

“…Thermal effects on the rheological properties of HAPAM polymers have been reported widely in the literature (Taylor and Nasr El-Din, 1998;Hourdet et al, 2005;Al-Sabagh et al, 2016;Dai et al, 2017;Bai et al, 2018). Various HAPAM polymers with different hydrophobic moieties on the polymer backbone have been reported with diverse response under varied temperature conditions.…”

Preparation and properties of nanocomposites of β-cyclodextrin-functionalized polyacrylamide and its application for enhancing oil recovery

“…For example, the -CONH 2 group of HPAM can be easily hydrolyzed at high temperature, and it is prone to phase separation and precipitation when HPAM is present in a high concentration of divalent cations (Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ ), which will hinder its widespread application in the EOR process. [9][10][11] On the other hand, the viscosity of HPAM solution drops dramatically at a high shear rate. 12 It is due to the fact that irreversible shear degradation of the linear exible chain impairs its network structure and polymer backbone.…”