Design and performance of a new generation, compact, low cost, very high Doppler precision and resolution optical spectrograph

Ge, Jian; Zhao, Bo; Powell, Scott; Wang, Ji; Fletcher, Adam; Chang, Liang; Groot, J. S. De; Wan, Xiaoke; Jakeman, Hali; Myers, Derek; Grafer, Elliot; Liu, Jian; Városi, F.; Schofield, Sidney; Moore, A. M.; Olphen, M. van; Katz, J.; Barnes, Rory

doi:10.1117/12.925795

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In the white-pupil concept, the In recent years, more and more observatories have begun to use echelle spectrometers for astronomical observations, as shown in Table 1. It can be seen that the spectral range of most spectrographs covers all of the visible spectrum and some of the near-infrared spectrum, such as EXPERT-III [88], CAFE [89], MIKE [90], and NRES [91][92][93]. There are also a few spectrometers whose spectral range only covers the near-infrared band, such as SPIRou [94][95][96].…”

Section: Astronomical Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Echelle Grating Spectroscopic Technology for High-Resolution and Broadband Spectral Measurement

Zhang

Duan

et al. 2022

Applied Sciences

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Echelle grating provides high spectral resolving power and diffraction efficiency in a broadband wavelength range by the Littrow mode. The spectrometer with the cross-dispersed echelle scheme has seen remarkable growth in recent decades. Rather than the conventional approach with common blazed grating, the cross-dispersed echelle scheme achieves the two-dimensional spatial distribution of the spectrum by one exposure without scanning in the broadband spectral range. It is the fastest and most sensitive spectroscopic technology as of now, and it has been extensively applied in commercial and astronomical spectrometers. In this review, we first highlight the characteristics of the echelle and then present the optical layout, detection approach, and method of calibration. Finally, we discuss the state-of-the-art implementations and applications of commercial and astronomical instruments.

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Section: Astronomical Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Echelle Grating Spectroscopic Technology for High-Resolution and Broadband Spectral Measurement

Zhang

Duan

et al. 2022

Applied Sciences

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“…Design and operation parameters for TOU are summarized in previously published papers 26,28 . Figure 2.1 shows the inside of TOU, which is installed in a thermally controlled enclosure.…”

Section: Tou Spectrograph Description and Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The shorter orbital period of planets in the HZ of low mass stars and lower host star mass allow for easier detections with ground-based RV surveys. For instance, a Doppler instrument with RV precision of 1 m/s is capable of detecting and characterizing habitable planets with masses between ~2 to 10 M  around nearby K and M dwarfs 26 . M dwarfs, consisting of about 70% of all the main-sequence stars in the Milky Way 27 , are excellent targets for searching for habitable terrestrial planets in the solar neighbor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Motivated by investigating these close-in super-Earth populations around nearby FGKM dwarfs and searching for habitable super-Earths around nearby K and M dwarfs, we developed a compact, extremely high resolution optical spectrograph called TOU (formerly named EXPERT-III) 26 in 2010-2013 and commissioned it at the 2 meter Automatic Spectroscopic Telescope (AST) at Fairborn Observatory in Arizona in July 2013. We tested and improved this spectrograph in 2013 and early 2014 and are launching a pilot robotic, high cadence (~100 RV measurements over 1 year) and high precision (~1-2 m/s) RV survey of 20 nearby bright FGK dwarfs (V<9) this summer through next spring and will continue to monitor additional ~150 FGKM dwarfs (V<10) during 2015-2017 with a goal to obtain a large homogeneous sample of close-in super-Earths by the end of the survey.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A robotic, compact, and extremely high resolution optical spectrograph for a close-in super-Earth survey

Powell

Zhao

et al. 2014

SPIE Proceedings

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One of the most astonishing results from the HARPS and Kepler planet surveys is the recent discovery of close-in super-Earths orbiting more than half of FGKM dwarfs. This new population of exoplanets represents the most dominant class of planetary systems known to date, is totally unpredicted by the classical core-accretion disk planet formation model. High cadence and high precision Doppler spectroscopy is the key to characterize properties of this new population and constrain planet formation models.A new robotic, compact high resolution optical spectrograph, called TOU (formerly called EXPERT-III), was commissioned at the Automatic Spectroscopic Telescope (AST) at Fairborn Observatory in Arizona in July 2013 and has produced a spectral resolution of about 100,000 and simultaneous wavelength coverage of 0.38-0.9 m with a 4kx4k back-illuminated Fairchild CCD detector. The instrument holds a very high vacuum of 1 micro torr and about 2 mK temperature stability over a month. The early on-sky RV measurements show that this instrument is approaching a Doppler precision of 1 m/s (rms) for bright reference stars (such as Tau Ceti) with 5 min exposures and better than 3 m/s (P-V, RMS~1 m/s) daily RV stability before calibration exposures are applied. A pilot survey of 20 V<9 FGK dwarfs, including known super-Earth systems and known RV stable stars, is being launched and every star will be observed ~100 times over ~300 days time window between this summer and next spring, following up with a full survey of ~150 V< 10 FGKM dwarfs in 2015-2017.

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Instrumentation for the detection and characterization of exoplanets

Pepe

Ehrenreich

Meyer³

2014

Nature

111

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In no other field of astrophysics has the impact of new instrumentation been as substantial as in the domain of exoplanets. Before 1995 our knowledge of exoplanets was mainly based on philosophical and theoretical considerations. The years that followed have been marked, instead, by surprising discoveries made possible by high-precision instruments. Over the past decade, the availability of new techniques has moved the focus of research from the detection to the characterization of exoplanets. Next-generation facilities will produce even more complementary data that will lead to a comprehensive view of exoplanet characteristics and, by comparison with theoretical models, to a better understanding of planet formation.

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Design and performance of a new generation, compact, low cost, very high Doppler precision and resolution optical spectrograph

Cited by 4 publications

References 19 publications

Echelle Grating Spectroscopic Technology for High-Resolution and Broadband Spectral Measurement

Echelle Grating Spectroscopic Technology for High-Resolution and Broadband Spectral Measurement

A robotic, compact, and extremely high resolution optical spectrograph for a close-in super-Earth survey

Instrumentation for the detection and characterization of exoplanets

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