“…The subject experienced an approximate 83% increase in joint RoM compared to the initial state (see Table 3 ), validating the robot’s efficacy as a valuable tool for improving the range of motion, exhibiting competitive performance compared to recent similar works [ 26 , 27 , 31 , 32 ]. Moreover, the evaluation of estimated joint torque showcased a 30% reduction in passive torque, an aspect scarcely reported in recent research on human joint progress post-robotic rehabilitation training [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ].…”