“…A photovoltaic generator is a set of interconnected photovoltaic panels [48]. It is made up of a set of PV (Photovoltaic) solar array interconnected in parallel or/and in series to provide the direct current (DC) as well as the voltage desired [49].…”
Climate change has become a major constraint to the development of rain-fed agriculture due to the decline of rainfall. Therefore, irrigated agriculture is an alternative allowing farmers to have more access to water in order to meet crop water requirements. However, irrigated agriculture faces a major constraint related to the accessibility of energy sources used in pumping water. In general, the most common energy sources used in pumping water for irrigation are fuel and electricity. Nevertheless, they are very expensive, are not always accessible particularly in rural areas in Africa and have a negative impact on the environment; hence the need to find alternatives to solve this problem. This review focuses on the technical and economic feasibility of solar irrigation pumps and the impact of their use on the environment. Several aspects related to solar pumping have been discussed, namely the components of the solar pumping system, the energy source used, the principle of operation of the system, the technical, economic, and environmental feasibility. Reviews show that the use of solar irrigation pumps is a technically and economically feasible alternative in several areas with less environmental impact.
“…A photovoltaic generator is a set of interconnected photovoltaic panels [48]. It is made up of a set of PV (Photovoltaic) solar array interconnected in parallel or/and in series to provide the direct current (DC) as well as the voltage desired [49].…”
Climate change has become a major constraint to the development of rain-fed agriculture due to the decline of rainfall. Therefore, irrigated agriculture is an alternative allowing farmers to have more access to water in order to meet crop water requirements. However, irrigated agriculture faces a major constraint related to the accessibility of energy sources used in pumping water. In general, the most common energy sources used in pumping water for irrigation are fuel and electricity. Nevertheless, they are very expensive, are not always accessible particularly in rural areas in Africa and have a negative impact on the environment; hence the need to find alternatives to solve this problem. This review focuses on the technical and economic feasibility of solar irrigation pumps and the impact of their use on the environment. Several aspects related to solar pumping have been discussed, namely the components of the solar pumping system, the energy source used, the principle of operation of the system, the technical, economic, and environmental feasibility. Reviews show that the use of solar irrigation pumps is a technically and economically feasible alternative in several areas with less environmental impact.
“…Some studies considerate equipment that use DC due to the efficiency of these devices, for this reason, they not considered inverter setup proposed in them [10], [11], [12], [15]. Instead inverter allows system setup known as solar pumping, which makes possible to use equipment that works with CA [11], [13], [14], [15]. In this case, Fig.…”
In this study, we evaluate the implementation of the concept of wastewater reclamation in the airconditioning system of an educative building located in a hot and arid climate region. In this building, Airconditioning condensates are not reused; a fraction of this condensates is disposed to the municipal sewage network while the other fraction falls into roads causing localized water stagnation that leads to the reproduction of endemic vectors. On the other hand, lawn and garden areas in this building are currently irrigated with potable water. Here, as it has been reported by other authors, we found that the amount and quality of air-conditioning condensates make viable to use it for gardening. Moreover, we describe a renewable alternative to collect, dispose, and transport the air-conditioning condensates for later implementation in lawns and gardens irrigation.
“…Equally to water, the availability of solar radiation and land, groundwater depth and aquifer hydraulic characteristics, water storage infrastructure and required hydraulic lift, required volumes and operating flow rates, suitable topographic and climatic conditions, land use/cover, earthworks required and distance to roads are essential geotechnical aspects to be considered [18][19][20][21]. For the technical and engineering feasibility, a number of procedures and tools were published for the design, configuration and sizing of solar cells, controllers and groundwater pumps [22][23][24][25]. A number of applications and optimization studies for solar-powered pumping systems were reviewed in [26].…”
Rural areas in Limpopo Province (South Africa) are in urgent need of interventions for safe and secure water supply to adapt to climatic changes and the increased frequency of droughts. A feasibility study was conducted for the adoption of solar-powered groundwater pumping systems and Multiple Water Use Services (MUS) in Greater Giyani Municipality (Limpopo). Stakeholder engagement, geotechnical data and socio-economic information were used in the feasibility study. The Solar Powered Irrigation Systems (SPIS) tool (GIZ and FAO, 2021) was used to design solar-powered shallow groundwater pumping systems at nine case study sites: four villages (water supply for domestic use) and five small-scale farms. Given the technical design configurations, peak water requirements ranged from 28.8 to 58.9 m3/d, peak power requirements from 1.2 to 3.4 kWp and required solar panel surface areas from 8.0 to 22.3 m2. Viable financial mechanisms for the operation and maintenance of MUS are leasing, cooperatives, informal saving groups and pay-per-use. The adoption of the technology appears to be financially and technically viable to augment the water supply. However, groundwater levels will have to be monitored and water purification plants for drinking water will have to be established to ensure long-term sustainability.
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