Design and Modeling of an Equalizer for Fuel Cell Energy Management Systems

Bahrami, Milad; Martin, Jean‐Philippe; Maranzana, Gaël; Pierfederici, Serge; Weber, Mathieu; Meibody‐Tabar, Farid; Zandi, Majid

doi:10.1109/tpel.2019.2899150

Cited by 32 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…39 Wettability, wall roughness, and interaction with GDL affect this flow. Considering this complexity and intending to develop a model that can be implemented in real-time, 40 the orientation is toward developing a porous media type model which is characterized by intrinsic permeability and relative permeability of the gas and liquid water. 41 The oxygen and water vapor concentrations used as boundary conditions for the model in the perpendicular direction to the MEA are chosen equal to the mean inlet/outlet values.…”

Section: Model Of a Cell In Its Stack Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Stack Cell by Cell: Illustration of a Mechanism for the Propagation of Degradations

Bahrami

Bligny

Dillet

et al. 2021

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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This paper is devoted to the modeling of a PEMFC fuel cell stack. First, to justify the hypotheses, original experimental results are presented and show that the gas flow rates feeding a cell in its stack environment highly depend on the thermal management. Then, the generic model of a cell in its stack environment is presented. A two-phase flow model is implemented to calculate the gas flow rates as a function of the pressure drops and considering the amount of liquid water present in both compartments. In this way, the dispatching of the total active gases flow rate between the different cells can therefore be described. Finally, a stack of five cells is numerically assembled by describing the thermal coupling between the cells. Two application examples are conducted. A first one considers a cooling defect and a second one simulates the case where one cell is more degraded than the others. It is shown how these types of malfunction can cause a fuel starvation event. At the end, and for the first time as far as we know, a mechanism of propagation of degradations from cell to cell is proposed. List of symbols SymbolDescriptionUnitSymbolDescriptionUnit Double-layer capacity of the cellF Protonic resistance of the membrane and electrodesΩ water vapor concentrationmol m−3 Thermal resistanceK W−1 Oxygen Concentrationmol m−3 Mass transfer reisstances m−3 Concentration of the saturated vapor at T mol m−3 Water saturation in the channels Specific heat capacity of plateJ/K.kg TemperatureK Effective water vapor diffusion coefficient through the GDLm2 s−1 Cell potentialV Water diffusion coefficient in the membranem2 s−1 Volume of channels m3 Effective oxygen diffusion coefficient through the GDLm2 s−1 Greek Letters Thickness of the GDLm Anodic charge transfer coefficient Standard cell potentialV Cathodic charge transfer coefficient Equivalent weight of the membranekg mol−1 Roughness factor of the electrode Faraday constantC mol−1 Pressure dropPa Current intensityA Electro-osmosis coefficient Exchange current densityA m−2 Water content of the membrane thermal capacity of the MEAJ K−1 Effective thermal conductivity of GDLW mK−1 thermal capacity of the anode/cathode platesJ K−1 Volumetric masskg m−3 Length of the active aream Cathode electrode potentialV Water latent heatkJ mol−1 Upper & lower scripts lower heating value of HydrogenkJ mol−1 in Inlet Molar mass of waterkg mol−1 out Outlet Dry air molar flow ratemol s−1 c Cathode Dry hydrogen molar flow ratemol s−1 a Anode Water vapor molar flow ratemol s−1 ch Channels Water vapor flow rate from electrode to channelsmol s−1 el Electrode Atmospheric pressuremol s−1 m Membrane Total pressure in the anode channelsPa cf Cooling fluid Total pressure in the cathode channelsPa n−1Preceding electrode Universal gas constantJ mol.K−1 n + 1Following electrode Electrical resistance of the cellΩ

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Section: Model Of a Cell In Its Stack Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Stack Cell by Cell: Illustration of a Mechanism for the Propagation of Degradations

Bahrami

Bligny

Dillet

et al. 2021

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…The system uses N PEMFC stacks, each PEMFC stack is equipped with an independent DC-DC boost converter, multiple boost converters are connected in the form of inputs in parallel outputs in series, and, ultimately, the output capacitors of all converters are presented in series connected to the DC bus. This hybrid power-conversion architecture uses an equalizer to achieve the controllability of the boost converters [18]. v FC is the output voltage of each fuel cell stack.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive Hamiltonian-Based Energy Control with Built-In Integrator for PEMFC Hybrid Power Conversion Architecture

Li,

Cheng,

Zhang

et al. 2023

Energies

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In this article, an Adaptive Hamiltonian-Based Energy Control (AHBEC) with a built-in integrator is introduced for the Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) hybrid power-conversion system. The presented additional built-in integrator is based on the Lyapunov and Hamiltonian functions. Unlike previous works, the control strategy proposed in this article aims to regulate the output current of the PEMFC stack, i.e., to provide sufficient power support to the load, and the integrator is built into the control loop in order to eliminate the steady-state current error caused by external disturbances and model parameter uncertainties. The large-signal stability of the whole system is demonstrated by selecting a suitable Lyapunov-candidate function. An experimental setup is constructed in the laboratory to verify the proposed control strategy. The experimental results demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of the designed energy-control approach.

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“…The most preferred FC in an application is polymer electrolyte membrane FC (PEMFC) with a more compact structure and low-temperature values. A single cell in an FC module of this type typically has a voltage of 0.6 V. Therefore, in FC sources, modules are formed by serial/parallel connection of more than one cell and thus the desired DC voltage amplitude can be obtained [5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ANFIS Based Parameter Estimating of a Two-Phase Interleaved Dual Cascaded DC-DC Boost Converter for Fuel Cell Supplied Electric Vehicles

Balci

Kayabaşı

Yildiz

2021

Balkan Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

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Fuel cells (FCs), one of the renewable energy sources, have started to be preferred as a power source in electric vehicles in recent years and research studies are continuing on designs in this direction. Although their efficiency is low <50%, they produce Direct Current (DC) electrical energy by electrochemical conversion without requiring battery systems, which can be used in electric vehicle drive systems. There are zero-emission effects such as water and temperature rise with waste and environmental aspects. One of the major disadvantages is the DC voltage amplitude they produce is inversely proportional to the temperature increase. In this context, parameter estimation is required to adapt the fluctuating FC voltage to a certain value adaptively with the DC-DC boost converter circuit. In this study, parametric simulation studies were carried out with Ansys-Electronics 2019-R3 software to determine the DC voltage level of a certain number of series and parallel connected FC cells depending on different temperature values. Duty ratio values of two-phase interleaved dual cascaded DC-DC boost converter circuit for desired output voltage were determined by using Adaptive Nero-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) modeling of 1300 data determined by simulation studies. Thus, the output voltage of the converter is adaptively fixed at a certain value.

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Design and Modeling of an Equalizer for Fuel Cell Energy Management Systems

Cited by 32 publications

References 27 publications

Modeling a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Stack Cell by Cell: Illustration of a Mechanism for the Propagation of Degradations

Modeling a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Stack Cell by Cell: Illustration of a Mechanism for the Propagation of Degradations

Adaptive Hamiltonian-Based Energy Control with Built-In Integrator for PEMFC Hybrid Power Conversion Architecture

ANFIS Based Parameter Estimating of a Two-Phase Interleaved Dual Cascaded DC-DC Boost Converter for Fuel Cell Supplied Electric Vehicles

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