Design and Implementation of Electro-Optic 2×2 Switch and Optical Gates using MZI

Abstract

MZI switches are well-known devices for high speed communication applications. A lot of researchers have designed MZI switches by using lithium niobate and potassium niobate material. But the major problem of using these type of material includes high insertion losses and required high switching voltage. So, in this research paper we have designed a 2×2 electro-optic switch using optical waveguide designed with Titanium (Ti) diffused in Strontium barium niobate (SBNO3) material which can operate at wavelength of 1.3 um. Results show that the proposed structure gives better output in terms of extinction ratio (=29.9 db) as well as for insertion losses (≤0.018). Further, we have designed various optical gates i. e. XNOR, XOR and AND optical gates and their performance is also evaluated by varying electrode voltages. It is inferred from the results that the proposed model gives better results even in terms of output power which can be used for commercial purpose.

Machine learning‐based regression models for predicting signal quality of dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) optical communication network

“…However, BER is often degraded due to various factors such as mitigation error and launch power. Prediction of BER is costly because of the expensive BER monitoring device needed 4 and complex prediction techniques 5 …”

“…Prediction of BER is costly because of the expensive BER monitoring device needed 4 and complex prediction techniques. 5 Machine learning methods have been commonly used in diverse fields to solve various issues.…”

Machine learning‐based predictive modeling for failure management of optical spatial mode division multiplexing system

“…Among all the performance metrics that are used, bit error rate (BER) stood to be the only parameter which directly provides the measures of the signal quality. However, it is often degraded by many factors like launch power (LP) and requires quite expensive equipment for measurement 3 . So, in order to get an acceptable optical signal‐to‐noise ratio (OSNR) at the output end, the LP needs to remain large enough, just below the acceptable limits, where excited fiber nonlinearities often distort the signals 4 .…”

“…However, it is often degraded by many factors like launch power (LP) and requires quite expensive equipment for measurement. 3 So, in order to get an acceptable optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) at the output end, the LP needs to remain large enough, just below the acceptable limits, where excited fiber nonlinearities often distort the signals. 4 However, it is often considered quite difficult to find out the optimal input power that produces acceptable BER on an installed link and, as mentioned, demands expensive BER test equipment as well for the complex measurement techniques on a regular basis.…”