“…False data injection attacks (FDIAs), such as data poisoning or noise injection, can significantly affect the decision-making process of energy management system (EMS) applications, for instance, voltage regulation [1]. FDIAs are destructive to EMS [2], because the attacker can manipulate the meter readings by injecting additional false data, causing system instability [3] and even cascading failures leading to massive blackouts [4]. Therefore, various methodologies have been developed over the past decade to defend against such attacks.…”