Design and implementation of a power-hardware-in-loop simulator for water electrolysis emulation

Ruuskanen, Vesa; Koponen, Joonas; Sillanpää, Teemu; Huoman, Kimmo; Kosonen, Antti; Niemelä, Markku; Ahola, Jero

doi:10.1016/j.renene.2017.11.088

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The aim of this research is to find an equilibrated solution between minimal BoP and correct performance, always into safety conditions of hydrogen generation. Additionally, although previous studies have been conducted in the simulation and experimental testing of PEM electrolyzers as power-hardware-in-loop (PHIL) simulators [13], dSPACE Hardware-in-the-Loop simulators [14], multiphysics simulators [15], dynamic simulators based on MATLAB [16] and mathematical dynamic Simulink simulators [17], this development is oriented to the use of software tools based on totally integrated automation logic. Therefore, it includes the logic control design, necessary for the safe and effective performance of the plant, with the experimental tests to evaluate operation parameters, a monitoring environment, and quality testing.…”

Section: Water Refrigerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Optimized Balance of Plant for a Medium-Size PEM Electrolyzer: Design, Control and Physical Implementation

et al. 2020

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The progressive increase in hydrogen technologies’ role in transport, mobility, electrical microgrids, and even in residential applications, as well as in other sectors is expected. However, to achieve it, it is necessary to focus efforts on improving features of hydrogen-based systems, such as efficiency, start-up time, lifespan, and operating power range, among others. A key sector in the development of hydrogen technology is its production, renewable if possible, with the objective to obtain increasingly efficient, lightweight, and durable electrolyzers. For this, scientific works are currently being produced on stacks technology improvement (mainly based on two technologies: polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) and alkaline) and on the balance of plant (BoP) or the industrial plant (its size depends on the power of the electrolyzer) that runs the stack for its best performance. PEM technology offers distinct advantages, apart from the high cost of its components, its durability that is not yet guaranteed and the availability in the MW range. Therefore, there is an open field of research for achievements in this technology. The two elements to improve are the stacks and BoP, also bearing in mind that improving BoP will positively affect the stack operation. This paper develops the design, implementation, and practical experimentation of a BoP for a medium-size PEM electrolyzer. It is based on the realization of the optimal design of the BoP, paying special attention to the subsystems that comprise it: the power supply subsystem, water management subsystem, hydrogen production subsystem, cooling subsystem, and control subsystem. Based on this, a control logic has been developed that guarantees efficient and safe operation. Experimental results validate the designed control logic in various operating cases, including warning and failure cases. Additionally, the experimental results show the correct operation in the different states of the plant, analyzing the evolution of the hydrogen flow pressure and temperature. The capacity of the developed PEM electrolysis plant is probed regarding its production rate, wide operating power range, reduced pressurization time, and high efficiency.

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Section: Water Refrigerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Optimized Balance of Plant for a Medium-Size PEM Electrolyzer: Design, Control and Physical Implementation

et al. 2020

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“…Although each type of electrolyzer has its advantages and disadvantages, PEM electrolyzers have attracted a lot of attention in recent years from researchers due to their compact system design, specific production capacity, high energy efficiency, and simplicity [ 5 , 6 ]. Additionally, compared to alkaline technology, PEM technology provides superior performance when it is coupled with renewable energy sources (RES) due to its high flexibility and quick responses to dynamics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides, different models have already been proposed and can be divided into three categories. The first category concerns empirical models reported in [ 6 , 9 ]. These models allow taking into consideration the electrical domain of PEM electrolyzers, including the OCV, activation, ohmic, and concentration overvoltage according to the temperature and pressure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These models allow taking into consideration the electrical domain of PEM electrolyzers, including the OCV, activation, ohmic, and concentration overvoltage according to the temperature and pressure. These models are useful for developing electrolyzer emulators [ 6 ]. In comparison, the second category includes semi-empirical models proposed in [ 11 , 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Self-Discharge of a Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer: Investigation for Modeling Purposes

et al. 2021

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The self-discharge phenomenon results in a decrease of the open-circuit voltage (OCV), which occurs when an electrochemical device is disconnected from the power source. Although the self-discharge phenomenon has widely been investigated for energy storage devices such as batteries and supercapacitors, no previous works have been reported in the literature about this phenomenon for electrolyzers. For this reason, this work is mainly focused on investigating the self-discharge voltage that occurs in a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer. To investigate this voltage drop for modeling purposes, experiments have been performed on a commercial PEM electrolyzer to analyze the decrease in the OCV. One model was developed based on different tests carried out on a commercial-400 W PEM electrolyzer for the self-discharge voltage. The proposed model has been compared with the experimental data to assess its effectiveness in modeling the self-discharge phenomenon. Thus, by taking into account this voltage drop in the modeling, simulations with a higher degree of reliability were obtained when predicting the behavior of PEM electrolyzers.

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“…The author's setup facilitated the evaluation of the effectiveness of the designed EMS strategies in real-time. Furthermore, Ruuskanen et al [25] designed a HiL system for water electrolysis system emulation. Through this system, the author was able to study the electrolyzer characteristics in a smart grid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hardware in the Loop Real-Time Simulation for Heating Systems: Model Validation and Dynamics Analysis

et al. 2018

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Heating systems such as heat pumps and combined heat and power cycle systems (CHP) represent a key component in the future smart grid. Their capability to couple the electricity and heat sector promises a massive contribution to the energy transition. Hence, these systems are continuously studied numerically and experimentally to quantify their potential and develop optimal control methods. Although numerical simulations provide time and cost-effective solutions for system development and optimization, they are exposed to several uncertainties. Hardware in the loop (HiL) approaches enable system validation and evaluation under different real-life dynamic constraints and boundary conditions. In this paper, a HiL system of a heat pump testbed is presented. It is used to present two case studies. In the first case, the conventional heat pump testbed operation method is compared to the HiL operation method. Energetic and dynamic analyses are performed to quantify the added value of the HiL and its necessity for dynamics analysis. In the second case, the HiL testbed is used to validate a model of a single family house with a heat pump participating in a local energy market. The energetic analysis indicates a deviation of 2% and 5% for heat generation and electricity consumption of the heat pump model, respectively. The model dynamics emphasized its capability to present the dynamics of a real system with a temporal distortion of 3%.

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Design and implementation of a power-hardware-in-loop simulator for water electrolysis emulation

Cited by 17 publications

References 22 publications

An Optimized Balance of Plant for a Medium-Size PEM Electrolyzer: Design, Control and Physical Implementation

An Optimized Balance of Plant for a Medium-Size PEM Electrolyzer: Design, Control and Physical Implementation

Self-Discharge of a Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer: Investigation for Modeling Purposes

Hardware in the Loop Real-Time Simulation for Heating Systems: Model Validation and Dynamics Analysis

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