Design and Hardware Implementation of a Simplified DAG-Based Blockchain and New AES-CBC Algorithm for IoT Security

Lee, Sung-Won; Sim, Kwee-Bo

doi:10.3390/electronics10091127

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…Moreover, IoT architecture has management service and application layers, and each component configuration will depend on the application. Many limitations come with the sensor nodes, like low bandwidth, short communication range, and limited CPU processing power, memory, and energy [ 16 ]. An IoT gateway is a central hub that lets data flow in both directions between IoT devices and sensors on one side and cloud/server computing and data processing on the other.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peer-to-Peer User Identity Verification Time Optimization in IoT Blockchain Network

Kairaldeen

Abdullah

Abu-Samah

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Blockchain introduces challenges related to the reliability of user identity and identity management systems; this includes detecting unfalsified identities linked to IoT applications. This study focuses on optimizing user identity verification time by employing an efficient encryption algorithm for the user signature in a peer-to-peer decentralized IoT blockchain network. To achieve this, a user signature-based identity management framework is examined by using various encryption techniques and contrasting various hash functions built on top of the Modified Merkle Hash Tree (MMHT) data structure algorithm. The paper presents the execution of varying dataset sizes based on transactions between nodes to test the scalability of the proposed design for secure blockchain communication. The results show that the MMHT data structure algorithm using SHA3 and AES-128 encryption algorithm gives the lowest execution time, offering a minimum of 36% gain in time optimization compared to other algorithms. This work shows that using the AES-128 encryption algorithm with the MMHT algorithm and SHA3 hash function not only identifies malicious codes but also improves user integrity check performance in a blockchain network, while ensuring network scalability. Therefore, this study presents the performance evaluation of a blockchain network considering its distinct types, properties, components, and algorithms’ taxonomy.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peer-to-Peer User Identity Verification Time Optimization in IoT Blockchain Network

Kairaldeen

Abdullah

Abu-Samah

et al. 2023

Sensors

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“…It has been shown that their enhancement maintains strict avalanche criteria for 53%. Lee and Sim [19] also enhanced the security of the AES-CBC algorithm for IoT devices by changing the IV and by changing the secret key periodically. Two cipher keys were combined to generate a new key used in the AES encryption.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced and authenticated cipher block chaining mode

2023

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Due to the increased attacks on different applications, data security has become crucial. Many modes can be used to operate the advanced encryption standard (AES), some of which provide integrity, and some outperform other modes in security and simplicity. In this paper, the chain block cipher (CBC) mode has been modified to provide more security to the encrypted data by making it robust against the bit-flipping attack and adding an integrity approach using the keyedhash function. In addition, using the keyd-hash function increases the number of keys needed in CBC-AES to two keys, and this can make the proposed model more secure against bruteforce attacks and Grover’s quantum search algorithm.

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“…The blockchains have two types of implementations: linear blockchain [3] and Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) blockchain [4], which are graphically illustrated in Figure 2.…”

Section: Blockmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, DAG blockchain is the more modern approach, bringing advantages in scalability and computation by parallelism. In a DAG blockchain, typically, single transactions exist without grouping, where each transaction validates multiple previous transactions [4]. Blockchains rely on consensus algorithms for transaction validation and creating a new block/transaction to the blockchain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Blockchain Technology in Knowledge-Defined Networking, Its Application, Benefits, and Challenges

Wijesekara,

Gunawardena

2023

Network

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Knowledge-Defined Networking (KDN) necessarily consists of a knowledge plane for the generation of knowledge, typically using machine learning techniques, and the dissemination of knowledge, in order to make knowledge-driven intelligent network decisions. In one way, KDN can be recognized as knowledge-driven Software-Defined Networking (SDN), having additional management and knowledge planes. On the other hand, KDN encapsulates all knowledge-/intelligence-/ cognition-/machine learning-driven networks, emphasizing knowledge generation (KG) and dissemination for making intelligent network decisions, unlike SDN, which emphasizes logical decoupling of the control plane. Blockchain is a technology created for secure and trustworthy decentralized transaction storage and management using a sequence of immutable and linked transactions. The decision-making trustworthiness of a KDN system is reliant on the trustworthiness of the data, knowledge, and AI model sharing. To this point, a KDN may make use of the capabilities of the blockchain system for trustworthy data, knowledge, and machine learning model sharing, as blockchain transactions prevent repudiation and are immutable, pseudo-anonymous, optionally encrypted, reliable, access-controlled, and untampered, to protect the sensitivity, integrity, and legitimacy of sharing entities. Furthermore, blockchain has been integrated with knowledge-based networks for traffic optimization, resource sharing, network administration, access control, protecting privacy, traffic filtering, anomaly or intrusion detection, network virtualization, massive data analysis, edge and cloud computing, and data center networking. Despite the fact that many academics have employed the concept of blockchain in cognitive networks to achieve various objectives, we can also identify challenges such as high energy consumption, scalability issues, difficulty processing big data, etc. that act as barriers for integrating the two concepts together. Academicians have not yet reviewed blockchain-based network solutions in diverse application categories for diverse knowledge-defined networks in general, which consider knowledge generation and dissemination using various techniques such as machine learning, fuzzy logic, and meta-heuristics. Therefore, this article fills a void in the content of the literature by first reviewing the diverse existing blockchain-based applications in diverse knowledge-based networks, analyzing and comparing the existing works, describing the advantages and difficulties of using blockchain systems in KDN, and, finally, providing propositions based on identified challenges and then presenting prospects for the future.

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Design and Hardware Implementation of a Simplified DAG-Based Blockchain and New AES-CBC Algorithm for IoT Security

Cited by 11 publications

References 25 publications

Peer-to-Peer User Identity Verification Time Optimization in IoT Blockchain Network

Peer-to-Peer User Identity Verification Time Optimization in IoT Blockchain Network

Enhanced and authenticated cipher block chaining mode

A Review of Blockchain Technology in Knowledge-Defined Networking, Its Application, Benefits, and Challenges

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