Design and evaluation of short-term monitoring campaigns for long-term air pollution exposure assessment

Characterization of Annual Average Traffic-Related Air Pollution Concentrations in the Greater Seattle Area from a Year-Long Mobile Monitoring Campaign

“…Our previous work has shown that this balanced but slightly reduced sampling schedule that takes driver safety and operational logistics into consideration should still generally produce unbiased annual averages. 27 This work further showed that the sampling temporality rather than the visit sampling duration has the largest impact on the accuracy of the annual average estimates and that common sampling designs like weekday business and rush hours regularly produce more biased annual averages. To increase temporal coverage, routes were started at different times of the day and driven in both clockwise and counterclockwise directions.…”

“…Additionally, we previously showed that more temporally balanced sampling across hours, days of the week, and seasons is expected to produce more accurate and largely unbiased annual average estimates as compared to more common campaigns with reduced temporal coverage. 27 A unique aspect of this campaign was the collection of stationary samples along the side of the road. While most other campaigns have only collected nonstationary, on-road samples, various studies have shown that mobile samples are generally higher in concentration than stationary samples.…”

“…Past work has shown that repeated short-term air pollution samples can be used to calculate unbiased long-term averages, thus reducing the need for continuous fixed-site monitoring. 19,20,27 Because the sampling duration at individual sites can be quite short, campaigns can increase their spatial coverage with a single platform, thus making this approach more time-and costefficient than traditional fixed-site monitoring.…”

“…21,28−30 We previously showed that these limited sampling campaigns likely result in biased long-term exposure estimates because they do not capture the high temporal variability of many TRAPs and that the exact degree of bias varies (is not consistent) across sites. 27 Heterogeneous diurnal patterns in TRAP exposures have been recently shown to occur on a fine spatial scale, motivating the need for a balanced sampling design to reduce biases in the annual average estimates. 31 Additionally, many campaigns have sampled along nonresidential areas such as highways and industrial areas where air pollution levels may be much higher than the levels that most people are exposed to.…”

Reflexiones sobre la evolución histórica y antropocéntrica del concepto de la salud ambiental

“…Sin embargo, desfavorablemente en la actualidad la UE ha dado un giro inesperado comprometiendo la SA con conflictos armados, generando consigo el inicio de una nueva guerra, iniciada el 24 de febrero del presente año mediante una invasión de Rusia a Ucrania, dando paso al gran deterioro del suelo y las aguas; los soldados excavaban trincheras, los tanques aplanaron la vegetación, las bombas han dejado múltiples destrozos y con profundas marcas los paisajes, los explosivos han ocasionado terribles incendios, además, las armas arrojan gases tóxicos y partículas al aire, filtrando metales pesados al suelo y las aguas, ocasionando como consecuencia una amplia pluralidad de enfermedades y afectaciones de la salud pública (Averin et al, 2022) Finalmente, los Estados Unidos de América, como país altamente Industrializado, ha venido estableciendo objetivos con nuevas políticas de acción para reducir los Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI), componentes gaseosos de la atmósfera resultantes de la actividad humana, que absorben y emiten radiación infrarroja a causa de las generadoras eléctricas que usan carbón o gas contribuyendo con las emisiones de CO2. El país tiene un alto porcentaje de deuda climática mundial por los daños causados al medio ambiente, según un estudio difundido por la revista Nature Climate Change (Blanco et al, 2022).…”