Design and Evaluation for Situation Awareness Enhancement

Endsley, Mica R.

doi:10.1177/154193128803200221

Cited by 1,325 publications

(865 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…As in Endsley and Kaber's (1999) study, the SAGAT was used to measure operator SA by freezing the tasks at random points in time during the experiment, blanking all visual display screens and administering queries concerning both the current and future states of the system. The SAGAT evaluated subject perception (Level 1 SA), comprehension (Level 2 SA) and projection (Level 3 SA) regarding information displayed during the tasks by comparing subject responses to queries on each level with actual situation data recorded by the PCs running the simulations (Endsley 1988(Endsley , 1995. The percentage of correct responses was then calculated for all queries.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subjects were initially familiarized with the procedures and equipment, including the SAGAT (Endsley 1988) and the NASA Task-Load Index (TLX) (Hart and land 1988). As in Endsley and Kaber's (1999) study, the SAGAT was used to measure operator SA by freezing the tasks at random points in time during the experiment, blanking all visual display screens and administering queries concerning both the current and future states of the system.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The failures occurred at random points in time and lasted a short duration. During other trials, simulation freezes occurred at random times in order to administer SA queries using the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) (Endsley 1988). In this way, the impact of simulated automation failures was examined on OOTL performance problems and LOA effects on SA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effects of level of automation and adaptive automation on human performance, situation awareness and workload in a dynamic control task

Kaber

Endsley

2004

Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science

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579

387

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This paper extends previous research on two approaches to human-centred automation: (1) intermediate levels of automation (LOAs) for maintaining operator involvement in complex systems control and facilitating situation awareness; and (2) adaptive automation (AA) for managing operator workload through dynamic control allocations between the human and machine over time. Some empirical research has been conducted to examine LOA and AA independently, with the objective of detailing a theory of human-centred automation. Unfortunately, no previous work has studied the interaction of these two approaches, nor has any research attempted to systematically determine which LOAs should be used in adaptive systems and how certain types of dynamic function allocations should be scheduled over time. The present research briefly reviews the theory of humancentred automation and LOA and AA approaches. Building on this background, an initial study was presented that attempts to address the conjuncture of these two approaches to human-centred automation. An experiment was conducted in which a dual-task scenario was used to assess the performance, SA and workload effects of low, intermediate and high LOAs, which were dynamically allocated (as part of an AA strategy) during manual system control for various cycle times comprising 20, 40 and 60% of task time. The LOA and automation allocation cycle time (AACT) combinations were compared to completely manual control and fully automated control of a dynamic control task performed in conjunction with an embedded secondary monitoring task. Results revealed LOA to be the driving factor in determining primary task performance and SA. Low-level automation produced superior performance and intermediate LOAs facilitated higher SA, but this was not associated with improved performance or reduced workload. The AACT was the driving factor in perceptions of primary task workload and secondary task performance. When a greater percentage of primary task time was automated, operator perceptual resources were freed-up and monitoring performance on the secondary task improved. Longer automation cycle times than have previously been studied may have benefits for overall human-machine system performance. The combined effect of LOA and AA on all measures did not appear to be 'additive' in nature. That is, the LOA producing the best performance (low level automation) did not do so at the AACT, which produced superior performance (maximum cycle time). In general, the results are supportive of intermediate LOAs and AA as approaches to human-centred automation, but each appears to provide different benefits to human-machine system performance. This work provides additional information for a developing theory of human-centred automation.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effects of level of automation and adaptive automation on human performance, situation awareness and workload in a dynamic control task

Kaber

Endsley

2004

Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science

Self Cite

579

387

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“…상황인식의 정의에 대한 논의는 여러 가지가 주장되었으 나 (Endsley, 1988a;Fracker, 1988 (Shively et al, 1987;Nataupsky & Abbott, 1987;Battiste & Bortolussi, 1988;Tsang & Johnson, 1989), 전투기에 의한 고공 전투 Bittner et al, 1989), 원격 제어차량 운전 , 시뮬레이터를 이용한 원 전 운전 (Drøivoldsmo et al, 1998;Sebok, 2000;Braarud, 2000;Braarud & Brendryen, 2001 …”

Section: 상황인식unclassified

Development of Human Performance Measures for Human Factors Validation in Advanced Nuclear Power Plants

2006

Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea

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Main control room(MCR) man-machine interface(MMI) design of advanced nuclear power plants(NPPs) such as APR(advanced power reactor)-1400 can be validated through performance-based tests to determine whether it acceptably supports safe operation of the plant. In this work, plant performance, personnel task, situation awareness, workload, teamwork, and anthropometric/physiological factor are considered as factors for the human performance evaluation. For development of measures in each of the factors, techniques generally used in various industries and empirically proven to be useful are adopted as main measures and some helpful techniques are developed in order to complement the main measures. Also the development of the measures is addressed based on the theoretical background. Finally we discuss the way in which the measures can be effectively integrated and then HUPESS(HUman Performance Evaluation Support System) which is in development based on the integrated way is briefly introduced.

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“…One of the approaches adopted by the University of Cardiff measures the recall of scenario-relevant information following periods of user interaction with the target system. A number of other measurement techniques for situation awareness have also been proposed, including SAGAT [26,27], SPAM [28] and SART [29], and we aim to examine and assess the relative suitability of these techniques in subsequent system evaluation studies.…”

Section: System Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

AKTiveSA: A Technical Demonstrator System For Enhanced Situation Awareness

Smart

Russell

Shadbolt

et al. 2007

The Computer Journal

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The issue of improved situation awareness is a key concern for military agencies, promising to deliver strategic advantages in a variety of conflict and non-conflict scenarios. Improved situation awareness can benefit operational effectiveness by facilitating the planning process, improving the quality and timeliness of decisions, and providing better feedback regarding the strategic consequences of military actions. In this paper, we aim to show how a combination of semantic technologies and user interface design initiatives can be used to improve situation awareness in a simulated humanitarian relief scenario. We describe the development of a technical demonstrator system, the AKTiveSA TDS, which integrates a variety of knowledge technologies and visualization components within the context of a unitary application framework. We also describe our approach to scenario development, knowledge acquisition, ontology engineering and system design. Some specific problems encountered during system development are discussed, e.g. the performance overheads associated with rules-based processing, and potential solution strategies for these problems are presented alongside a description of future development activities.

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Design and Evaluation for Situation Awareness Enhancement

Cited by 1,325 publications

References 4 publications

The effects of level of automation and adaptive automation on human performance, situation awareness and workload in a dynamic control task

The effects of level of automation and adaptive automation on human performance, situation awareness and workload in a dynamic control task

Development of Human Performance Measures for Human Factors Validation in Advanced Nuclear Power Plants

AKTiveSA: A Technical Demonstrator System For Enhanced Situation Awareness

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