Design and Development of Potential Tissue Engineering Scaffolds from Structurally Different Longitudinal Parts of a Bovine-Femur

Abstract

The complex architecture of the cortical part of the bovine-femur was examined to develop potential tissue engineering (TE) scaffolds. Weight-change and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that significant phase transformation and morphology conversion of the bone occur at 500–750°C and 750–900°C, respectively. Another breakthrough finding was achieved by determining a sintering condition for the nucleation of hydroxyapatite crystal from bovine bone via XRD technique. Scanning electron microscopy results of morphological growth suggests that the concentration of polymer fibrils increases (or decreases, in case of apatite crystals) from the distal to proximal end of the femur. Energy-dispersive analysis of X-ray, Fourier transform infrared, micro-computer tomography, and mechanical studies of the actual composition also strongly support our microscopic results and firmly indicate the functionally graded material properties of bovine-femur. Bones sintered at 900 and 1000°C show potential properties for soft and hard TE applications, respectively.

Synthesis and Characterizations of Novel Ca-Mg-Ti-Fe-Oxides Based Ceramic Nanocrystals and Flexible Film of Polydimethylsiloxane Composite with Improved Mechanical and Dielectric Properties for Sensors

“…Lower range in density values of these pelletes compared to its comprised commercial raw materials indicates higher amount of porosity. This study also confirms that a new phase, CaTiO 3 (see Figure 3) occurred by lattice diffusion mechanism [32,33] with increasing density (see Figure 6) by constraining the weight loss (see Figure 2) between 800 and 1050 °C. Water absorption indicates the total porosity present in the materials (see Figure 6).…”

“…The pore size distribution (PSD) of unsintered and sintered (1050 °C) materials was analyzed from the inverted images of their corresponding FESEM micrographs using ImageJ software 1.46 r, as this technique is considered the best method for studying the porosity of ceramic–polymer composites [31]. Density (ρ, g/cc), open porosity (%), and absorbed water or water absoption (%) present in the porous materials were measured in water following Equations (1)–(3), respectively, using modified Archimedes’ principle explored in our previous studies [32,33]. The resolution of the weighing machine was ±0.0005 g. $\mathsf{\rho }\left(\mathrm{g}/\text{cc}\right)=\frac{{\mathrm{normalM}}_1}{{\mathrm{normalM}}_3-{\mathrm{normalM}}_2}\times {\mathrm{sans-serif\rho }}^{{25}^{\mathrm{normalo}}\mathrm{C}}$ ${\mathrm{normalP}}_{\text{open}}(\%)=\frac{{\mathrm{normalM}}_3-{\mathrm{normalM}}_1}{{\mathrm{normalM}}_3-{\mathrm{normalM}}_2}\times 100$ $\text{Absorbed water}(\%)=\frac{{\mathrm{normalM}}_3-{\mathrm{normalM}}_1}{{\mathrm{normalM}}_1}\times 100$ where M 1 is the initial dry mass of the samples in air, M 2 is the mass of the specimen in distilled water, and M 3 is the mass of the wet specimen after taking out from the water.…”

Biomimetic Calcium Phosphates Derived from Marine and Land Bioresources

“…For this reason, the mineral matter does not undergo thermal transformations up to 500-600°C. Above this temperature, the biological apatite is subjected to a recrystallization process, made in three stages: lattice diffusion (500-750°C), surface diffusion (750-900°C) and grain boundary diffusion (900-1000°C) [38]. Recrystallization is usually correlated with removal of carbonate groups from the crystalline structure.…”

Carbon Nanotube Coating on 3-D Nanofibrous PLLA Tissue Engineering Scaffolds by Electrophoretic Deposition

“…To date, most studies focused on the individual scaled structure to generate real-size organ systems. The simplicity of microstructure and property of the current scaffolds have greatly hindered the development of tissue engineering [6]. To ultimately engineer the functional units of tissues, the gradient subcellular scale structures (0.1-10 µm) and nanostructures (1-100 nm) need to be constructed to control cellular environment and cell-matrix interactions.…”