Design and Development of Low-Cost Makhana Grading and Roasting Machine

Abstract

The currently available technology of Makhana processing is not only indigenous and manual but also cumbersome and painstaking. The process involves handling of hot roasted seeds which require two to three laborers to process 8-9 kg of popped Makhana per day. With the view to mechanize the unit operation involved in Makhana processing, grading and roasting machine were designed and developed. Grader was developed based on engineering properties of Makhana while the roaster was designed based on preliminary experiments for Makhana, i.e. shell breaking force at different temperatures and for varying residence time. The grader performed best at feed rate of 20 kg/h with grading effectiveness of 0.99, 0.955 and 0.95 for grade 1, grade 2 and grade 3 Makhana seeds respectively. The developed roasting machine worked satisfactorily with 100% popping efficiency at machine capacity around 23.0 kg/h. The residence time of seeds in the roaster was 2.6 min and the average temperature of roasted seeds of grade 1, grade 2, grade 3 was found to be 271.33°C, 281.1°C and 280.7°C respectively.

Physical characterization and mass modeling of traditionally Popped Makhana (Euryale ferox Salisbury) variety: Sabour‐1 Makhana

“…Hence, galvanized aluminium (alloy of 55% aluminium, 43.5% zinc, and 1.5% silicon) with minimum yield strength of 350 MPa as per material specification, exhibits lower angle of inclination desirable for hopper design, being light weight, and high durability makes it easier to operate (Keats & Jeyaranjan, 2018). However, earlier studies on engineering aspect of Makhana seeds grader and roasting equipment have found 16 gauge (mild steel) MS sheet with 15° inclination was selected for hopper fabrication (Kumar, Rajak, Kumar, Kumar, & Sharma, 2014).…”

“…Cohesion among Makhana pops is expressed in terms of ɸ s was found to be 28.15 at 7.11% IMC, is similar to hazelnut kernel (variety-Kara) (Ozdemir & Akinci, 2004) F I G U R E 4 Linear dimensions and mass distribution bar chart for Popped Makhana engineering aspect of Makhana seeds grader and roasting equipment have found 16 gauge (mild steel) MS sheet with 15 inclination was selected for hopper fabrication (Kumar, Rajak, Kumar, Kumar, & Sharma, 2014). Kalkan, Kara, Bastaban, and Turgut (2011).…”

Design and Performance Test of the Coffee Bean Classifier

“…Several researchers have previously implemented a coffee bean classifier using the principle of vibration to classify coffee beans [34,35]. However, these classifiers are generally not ergonomic because the design does not fit the dimensions of the worker's body size.…”

New Injection Moulding Techniques for Automotive Aluminium-Based Foams - Part I

“…Porous materials can be classified according to the type of skeleton (elastic, soft or rigid), the type of microstructure (cellular, fibrous, granular, perforated) the nature of the material (polymer, metal, natural, recycled) and the type of surface (uniform, patch or mosaic, rough or carved). The metallic foams frequently used for mechanical and acoustical absorption applications are characterized by closed [1][2][3][4][5], interconnected [6][7][8], and respectively open porosity [9][10][11][12][13]. The last two types represent a great interest for our research concept point of view.…”

“…The type of the porous core material provides the damping capacity. There is a large spectrum of metallic materials used for this purpose: Al and its alloys [2,9,12,14,15,16], stainless steel [4,5,17], titanium and its alloys [4,18]. As far as shock and acoustical waves absorption are concerned, the porosity level as well as the pore size distribution represent the main designing criteria for advanced Al-based foams.…”