“…In monitoring systems, the star topology is always adopted in a small-size network [23,25,27,34,38]; large networks can be cluster topologies [26] or mesh topologies [24,28,33,[39][40][41]. The ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 wireless communication protocol is frequently used in monitoring networks [24,26,33,35,36], and then Bluetooth [27,38] and [49][50][51] are used to monitor underwater pollution. How to monitor the water environment using underwater wireless sensor network systems is mentioned in [42][43][44][45].…”