Design and Characterization of a Cook‐Off Resistant High‐Energy Booster Explosive Based on CL‐20/FOX‐7

Li, Xiaodong; Zhang, Ximing; Wu, Yang; Song, Changgui; Sun, Hongyan; Wang, Jingyu

doi:10.1002/prep.201800331

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…To achieve the effective evaluation and better functionality of the composite structure formed by FOX-7, nAl and Viton, it was necessary to estimate the kinetic parameters [ 23 ]. We measured T p at different heating rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20 °C·min −1 ( Figure 7 ) and presented averaged apparent activation energy ( E α ) values calculated by Kissinger, Starink and Ozawa methods [ 24 , 25 , 26 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of the close interaction between FOX-7 and nAl in multilevel structured Viton@FOX-7@Al, the promotion effect of nAl on the energy release process of FOX-7 in Viton@FOX-7@Al was more obvious than that of FOX-7/Viton@Al. To achieve the effective evaluation and better functionality of the composite structure formed by FOX-7, nAl and Viton, it was necessary to estimate the kinetic parameters [23].…”

Section: Dsc Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fabrication and Characterization of Viton@FOX-7@Al Spherical Composite with Improved Thermal Decomposition Property and Safety Performance

Yang

Song

et al. 2021

Materials

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To achieve a uniform distribution of the components and a better performance of aluminized composite explosives, Viton (dipolymers of hexafluoropropylene and vinylidene fluoride) @ FOX-7 (1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene) @Al microspheres and FOX-7/Viton@Al were synthesized by spray-drying strategy contrastively. Viton@FOX-7@Al owned porous and loose morphology and good sphericity with a retained crystal phase of FOX-7 and aluminum. The 23.56% fluorine content on Viton@FOX-7@Al surface indicated that Viton was completely coated on the surface of the particles. Nanosized aluminum (nAl) in Viton@FOX-7@Al had a certain catalytic activity on the thermal decomposition process of FOX-7 resulting in a depressed exothermic peak temperature and reduced apparent activation energy relative to nAl in FOX-7/Viton@Al. Because of the specific structure and the synergies between each individual component, Viton@FOX-7@Al showed reduced impact sensitivity and friction sensitivity than those of FOX-7/Viton@Al. In brief, Viton@FOX-7@Al with multilevel coating structure possessed comparatively low thermal decomposition energy requirement and improved safety performance.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dsc Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication and Characterization of Viton@FOX-7@Al Spherical Composite with Improved Thermal Decomposition Property and Safety Performance

Yang

Song

et al. 2021

Materials

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“…It is mainly composed of explosives, high polymer binders and other components, and has been extensively used in aerospace and military fields. With such excellent performance, the research on optimizing PBXs performance has been widely carried out worldwide [15][16][17][18][19][20]. Many investigations have demonstrated the superiority of FOX-7-based PBXs [21][22][23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational analysis the relationships of energy and mechanical properties with sensitivity for FOX-7 based PBXs via MD simulation

Wang

Chen

et al. 2021

R. Soc. open sci.

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Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been applied to investigate 1, 1-diamino-2, 2-dinitroethene (FOX-7) crystal and FOX-7 (011)-based polymer-bonded explosives (PBXs) with four typical polymers, polyethylene glycol (PEG), fluorine-polymer (F 2603 ), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and ester urethane (ESTANE5703) under COMPASS force field. Binding energy ( E bind ), cohesive energy density (CED), initiation bond length distribution, RDG analysis and isotropic mechanical properties of FOX-7 and its PBXs at different temperatures were reported for the first time, and the relationship between them and sensitivity. Using quantum chemistry, FOX-7 was optimized with the four polymers at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level, and the structure and RDG of the optimized composite system were analysed. The results indicated that the binding energy presented irregular changes with the increase in temperature. The order of binding ability of different binders to the FOX-7 (011) crystal surface is PEG > ESTANE5703 > EVA > F 2603 . When the temperature increases, the maximum bond length ( L max ) of the induced bond increases and the CED decreases. This result is achieved in agreement with the known experimental fact that the sensitivity of explosives increases with temperature, and they can be used as the criterion to predict the sensitivity of explosives. The descending order of L max is FOX-7 > F 2603 > ESTANE5703≈EVA > PEG. The intermolecular interactions between FOX-7 and the four polymers were mainly weak hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions, and these interactions helped to reduce the bond length of C-NO 2 , leading to a decrease in the sensitivity of FOX-7. The addition of polymers can effectively improve the mechanical properties of explosives. Among the four polymers, EVA has the best effect on improving the mechanical properties of FOX-7 (011). At the same temperature, the modulus can be used to predict the sensitivity of high-energy materials. Cauchy pressure can predict the sensitivity of non-brittle energetic materials. The nature of the interaction between FOX-7 and the four polymers is hydrogen bonding and van der Waals force, of which hydrogen bonding is the main one. These studies are meaningful for the formulation design and sensitivity prediction of FOX-7 and its PBXs.

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“…[1] Another important requirement for booster explosives is high thermal stability, especially for the application in insensitive munitions, deep-well drilling and stage separation for space exploration. [1,3] Examples for developments in this area of HEDM research are polymer-bonded explosive formulations based on LLM-105 [5] or CL-20/FOX-7, [6] which have been published in recent years. However, since 1912 [7] the most common component in booster charges has been PETN due to its high explosive performance and easy synthesis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of 3,5‐Dinitro‐1‐(2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl)‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐amine (PicADNP) as a New High Energy Density Booster Explosive

et al. 2021

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Two improved, fast, feasible, scalable, and economic synthetic protocols for the laboratory scale manufacturing of 3,5-dinitro-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine (PicADNP) are described. The previous set of analytical data from an earlier publication could be verified and complemented by additional measurements. The material was fully characterized by multinuclear NMR, spectroscopic methods, elemental analysis, DSC and DTA, as well as X-ray diffraction. The crystal structure was elucidated and Hirshfeld surface analysis, as well as 2D fingerprint plot analysis for the assessment of sensitivities towards external stimuli was applied. The sensitivity towards shock, friction and electrostatic discharge was also determined exper-imentally. The performance of the title compound was calculated by applying the EXPLO5 computer code and the theoretical results were compared with the results of SSRT and booster testing experiments. The title compound combines good energetic properties with improved safety characteristics and could find its way into application as a new booster explosive to replace the state-of-the-art material PETN. The optimizations of the synthetic protocol comprise a greener solvent system, shorter reaction times, higher yields for the pure material and a nontoxic byproduct to make the manufacturing process more attractive and better suitable for a subsequent scale up to the technical and industrial scale.

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Design and Characterization of a Cook‐Off Resistant High‐Energy Booster Explosive Based on CL‐20/FOX‐7

Cited by 6 publications

References 26 publications

Fabrication and Characterization of Viton@FOX-7@Al Spherical Composite with Improved Thermal Decomposition Property and Safety Performance

Fabrication and Characterization of Viton@FOX-7@Al Spherical Composite with Improved Thermal Decomposition Property and Safety Performance

Computational analysis the relationships of energy and mechanical properties with sensitivity for FOX-7 based PBXs via MD simulation

A Study of 3,5‐Dinitro‐1‐(2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl)‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐amine (PicADNP) as a New High Energy Density Booster Explosive

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