Design and bioprinting for tissue interfaces

Abstract

Tissue interfaces include complex gradient structures transitioning of biochemical and mechanical properties in micro-scale. This characteristic allows the communication and synchronistic functioning of two adjacent but distinct tissues. It is particularly challenging to restore the function of these complex structures by transplantation of scaffolds exclusively produced by conventional tissue engineering methods. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology has opened an unprecedented approach for precise and graded patterning of chemical, biological and mechanical cues in a single construct mimicking natural tissue interfaces. This paper reviews and highlights biochemical and biomechanical design for 3D bioprinting of various tissue interfaces, including cartilage-bone, muscle-tendon, tendon/ligament-bone, skin, and neuro-vascular/muscular interfaces. Future directions and translational challenges are also provided at the end of the paper.

Embedded 3D Printing of Cryogel-Based Scaffolds

“…In some parts, they formed long elongated spindle-shape morphology while some of them stayed as a spherical shape and were not elongated on the printed structure which could be attributed to the attachment of the cells either to GelMA cryogel or alginate hydrogel parts (Figure A-iii) inset magnified view shown in blue dashed rectangle or red dashed rectangle, respectively) . The guidance of cell alignment in a microscale transition could be promising for the construction of scaffolds for delicate tissue structures such as osteochondral tissue interfaces …”

Design and Analysis of Unit Cell Geometry to Improve Mechanical Properties and Surface‐to‐Volume Ratio of Used Scaffold in Treating Damaged Bone Tissue

“…[ 21 ] Also, 3D printing and computer‐aided design can be used to create personalized and implantable hybrid scaffolds for critical‐size bone defects. [ 22 ]…”

“…[21] Also, 3D printing and computer-aided design can be used to create personalized and implantable hybrid scaffolds for critical-size bone defects. [22] To improve the mechanical properties and surface-to-volume ratio of scaffolds, the design and analysis of unit cell geometry are important. In this study, a precise and practical approach for designing a bone scaffold used in tissue engineering, such as the femur bone, is presented, and the effect of unit cell geometry on the mechanical properties and surface characteristics of the scaffold is studied.…”

Bionic Functional Surgical Suture with Hierarchical Micro–Nano Dimensions for Rotator Cuff Repair: Inducing Process‐Matching Mechanobiological and Biological Responses Adapted to the Regeneration

“…Notably, the RC tendon and its enthesis physiologically lack vascularization, providing limited blood supply and nutritional support at an early stage after repair. [26,27] Conventional surgical sutures have been reported to inevitably trigger severe inflammatory responses soon after implantation in the early healing environment. [28,29] Therefore, providing appropriate vascularization and building an anti-inflammatory microenvironment at the early healing stage is another promising direction for RC regeneration.…”

“…[28,29] Therefore, providing appropriate vascularization and building an anti-inflammatory microenvironment at the early healing stage is another promising direction for RC regeneration. [27,30] However, it is interesting that sustained provascularization does not bring the expected superimposed healing-promoting effects for RC regeneration. [31,32] The physio-like tendon-bone integration and tendon remodeling require timely vascularization subside and regression in the mid-to-late healing stage.…”