Design and Ballistic Performance of Hybrid Plates Manufactured from Aramid Composites for Developing Multilayered Armor Systems

Shih, Chia-Lung; You, Jhu-Lin; Lee, Yung-Lung; Cheng, An-Yu; Chang, Chang-Pin; Liu, Yih-Ming; Ger, Ming-Der

doi:10.3390/polym14225026

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Shih et al conducted ballistic tests to investigate the impact resistance of aramid fabrics reinforced with STFs, epoxy resins or polyurea elastomers. According to test results, the aramid composite structure treated with polyurea elastomer absorbed the most impact energy per unit area and demonstrated the best impact resistance [10].…”

Section: Military and Defensementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The escalating risk of terrorist attacks, military conflicts, explosive accidents and chemical disasters has heightened the necessity for blast and impact resistance in military and civilian buildings. This requirement is particularly crucial for military protective equipment such as military ships, armoured vehicles and protective helmets, all of which need to withstand shock waves and high-speed fragments resulting from near-field explosions [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Even though research on the protective properties of metal structures and high-performance fiber composites has made significant progress, there is an increasing need for lightweight and efficient blast protection structures [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Developments in Polyurea Research for Enhanced Impact Penetration Resistance and Blast Mitigation

Wang,

Ding,

Lin

et al. 2024

Polymers

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Polyurea has gained significant attention in recent years as a functional polymer material, specifically regarding blast and impact protection. The molecular structure of polyurea is characterized by the rapid reaction between isocyanate and the terminal amine component, and forms an elastomeric copolymer that enhances substrate protection against blast impact and fragmentation penetration. At the nanoscale, a phase-separated microstructure emerges, with dispersed hard segment microregions within a continuous matrix of soft segments. This unique microstructure contributes to the remarkable mechanical properties of polyurea. To maximize these properties, it is crucial to analyze the molecular structure and explore methods like formulation optimization and the incorporation of reinforcing materials or fibers. Current research efforts in polyurea applications for protective purposes primarily concentrate on construction, infrastructure, military, transportation and industrial products and facilities. Future research directions should encompass deliberate formulation design and modification, systematic exploration of factors influencing protective performance across various applications and the integration of numerical simulations and experiments to reveal the protective mechanisms of polyurea. This paper provides an extensive literature review that specifically examines the utilization of polyurea for blast and impact protection. It encompasses discussions on material optimization, protective mechanisms and its applications in blast and impact protection.

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Section: Military and Defensementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Developments in Polyurea Research for Enhanced Impact Penetration Resistance and Blast Mitigation

Wang,

Ding,

Lin

et al. 2024

Polymers

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“…The average velocity of the projectile was 415 m/s for the 50-layer composite and for the 70-layer composite, 430 m/s. In the next work, the ballistic resistance of Kevlar and Kevlar/polyurea composites on an epoxy matrix was tested at the initial speed of 410 m/s [58]. The use of this type of combination made it possible to meet the assumptions of the NIJ 0101.06 standard, however with a significant limit value of BFS.…”

Section: Comparison Of the Obtained Deflection Values To Other Matric...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Layer Fabric Composites Combined with Non-Newtonian Shear Thickening in Ballistic Protection—Hybrid Numerical Methods and Ballistic Tests

Roszak,

Pyka,

Bocian

et al. 2023

Polymers

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Multi-layer fabrics are commonly used in ballistics shields with a lower bulletproof class to protect against pistol and revolver bullets. In order to additionally limit the dynamic deflection of the samples, layers reinforced with additional materials, including non-Newtonian fluids compacted by shear, are additionally used. Performing a wide range of tests in each case can be very problematic; therefore, there are many calculation methods that allow, with better or worse results, mapping of the behavior of the material in the case of impact loads. The search for simplified methods is very important in order to simplify the complexity of numerical fabric models while maintaining the accuracy of the results obtained. In this article, multi-layer composites were tested. Two samples were included in the elements subjected to shelling. In the first sample, the outer layers consisted of aramid fabrics in a laminate with a thermoplastic polymer matrix. The middle layer contained a non-Newtonian shear-thickening fluid enclosed in hexagonal (honeycomb) cells. The fluid was produced using polypropylene glycol and colloidal silica powder with a diameter of 14 µm in the proportions of 60/40. The backing plate was made using a 12-layer composite made of Twaron® para-aramid fabrics with a DCPD matrix—not yet used in a wide range of ballistics. Then, numerical simulations were carried out in the Abaqus/Explicit dynamic analysis. The Johnson–Cook constitutive strength model was used to describe the behavior of elastic–plastic materials constituting the elements of the projectiles. For the non-Newtonian fluid, a Up-Us EOS was used. The inner layers of the fabric were treated as an orthotropic material. Complete homogenization of the sample layers was carried out, thanks to which each layer was treated as a homogeneous continuum. As a parameter of fracture mechanics for shield components, the strain criterion was used with the smooth particles hydrodynamics method (SPH). Then, the results of simulations were compared with the results of the ballistic test for both samples placed next to each other, which resulted in the formation of a multi-layer composite in one ballistic test subjected to impact loads during firing with a 9 × 19 mm Parabellum FMJ projectile with an initial velocity of 370 ± 10 m/s. The results of numerical tests are very similar to the ballistic tests, which indicates the correct mapping of the process and the correct conduct of layer homogenization. The applied proportions of the components in the non-Newtonian fluid allowed a reduction in the deflection compared to previous studies. Additionally, the proposal to use a DCPD matrix allowed to obtain a much lower deflection value compared to other materials, which is a novelty in the field of production of ballistic shields.

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“…In particular, the past decade has seen a burgeoning focus on natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites for applications in personal ballistic protection [ 7 , 8 ]. Many recent reviews and research papers have reported the ballistic performance of different lignocellulosic fibers as intermediate reinforcement layers in polymer composite multilayered armor systems (MAS) [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. The MAS are customarily composed of at least two layers when employed against high-energy ammunition, such as 7.62 mm bullet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Absorption and Ballistic Performance of Epoxy Composite Reinforced with Arapaima Scales

et al. 2023

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Arapaima scales possess a hierarchical structure capable of absorbing a considerable amount of energy before fracture. These natural dermal armors present significant potential in the sustainable development of cost-effective composites. This work aimed, for the first time, to analyze the impact resistance and ballistic performance of arapaima scale-reinforced epoxy composites and their potential application in multilayered armor systems (MAS). Composite plates were prepared with 20%, 30%, and 40 vol% of arapaima scales. Composite specimens were subjected to notched Izod impact and residual velocity stand-alone tests and their MAS through backface signature (BFS) tests, with their fracture surfaces studied using SEM. The Izod tests confirmed the effect of scales’ volume fraction on the energy absorbed by the composites, showing an increase with volume fraction. Residual velocity tests showed that composites with 30 vol% of scales resulted in the most significant improvement in absorbed energy. All MAS formulations presented BFS depths lower than the trauma limit specified by the NIJ standard. Fractographic analysis showed that the scales’ toughening mechanisms improved the composites’ energy absorption capacity. The experimental results substantiate the potential use of arapaima scales as a reinforcement agent in polymeric composites, with 30 vol% being the optimal volume fraction for energy-absorbing applications.

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Design and Ballistic Performance of Hybrid Plates Manufactured from Aramid Composites for Developing Multilayered Armor Systems

Cited by 11 publications

References 49 publications

Recent Developments in Polyurea Research for Enhanced Impact Penetration Resistance and Blast Mitigation

Recent Developments in Polyurea Research for Enhanced Impact Penetration Resistance and Blast Mitigation

Multi-Layer Fabric Composites Combined with Non-Newtonian Shear Thickening in Ballistic Protection—Hybrid Numerical Methods and Ballistic Tests

Energy Absorption and Ballistic Performance of Epoxy Composite Reinforced with Arapaima Scales

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