Design and Analysis of Swapped Port Coupler and Its Application in a Miniaturized Butler Matrix

Jeong, Yaesuk; Kim, Tae Wook

doi:10.1109/tmtt.2010.2041571

Cited by 44 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The recent advancements in 4×4 BM are summarized in Table 1 and those of 8×8 BM are depicted in Table 2. These approaches are grouped into single-layer (SL) [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] and multilayer (ML) [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] configurations. In [13,14] artificial transmission line branch line coupler (BLC) and swapped ports coupled line coupler, respectively, are utilized to achieve a reduction in the size of the BM from 21% to 10% (0.11λ 2 -0.05 λ 2 ) when compared to the conventional BM, while maintaining a fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 30%.…”

Section: Introduction -Fr3 Use For Emmb Via Analog Beamformersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These approaches are grouped into single-layer (SL) [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] and multilayer (ML) [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] configurations. In [13,14] artificial transmission line branch line coupler (BLC) and swapped ports coupled line coupler, respectively, are utilized to achieve a reduction in the size of the BM from 21% to 10% (0.11λ 2 -0.05 λ 2 ) when compared to the conventional BM, while maintaining a fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 30%. In [15][16][17], elimination of phase shifter and crossovers approach is enforced, using 45° and 90° couplers only, to build the BM.…”

Section: Introduction -Fr3 Use For Emmb Via Analog Beamformersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Compact, Ultra-Wideband Butler Matrix Beamformers for the Advanced 5G Band FR3 – Part I

Empliouk,

Kapetanidis,

Arnaoutoglou

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Butler matrix networks are well established as beam forming networks for phased antenna arrays. The challenge we address in this work is to cover the entire, (advanced 5G or 6G), FR3 band (7-24 GHz) with a single network, while retaining low losses and minimal size. The employed multilayer topology is also well established, however, the matching between the utilized hybrid couplers and the phase shifters constitutes a major challenge for such a wideband operation. This is achieved herein employing meander lines with appropriate curvature and introducing two distinct design methods for the Butler Matrix. The first method focuses on designing individual components separately, followed by their integration into the overall Butler Matrix structure. This approach is demonstrated through the design, prototyping, measurements and validation of an 8x8 Butler Matrix beamformer, which operates across the 6-16 GHz band (FR3 Low). The second method introduces a wideband matching technique, which simplifies the implementation process by designing the Butler Matrix as a single, unified structure. This technique is applied to both 4x4 and 8x8 Butler Matrices, which are implemented and simulated for the low FR3 band. Both design methods result in wideband operation, compact size, and meet the desired performance criteria.

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Section: Introduction -Fr3 Use For Emmb Via Analog Beamformersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introduction -Fr3 Use For Emmb Via Analog Beamformersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compact, Ultra-Wideband Butler Matrix Beamformers for the Advanced 5G Band FR3 – Part I

Empliouk,

Kapetanidis,

Arnaoutoglou

et al. 2024

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Some researchers removed the 45 • phase shifter from the conventional Butler matrix to reduce the size and avoid connectivity mismatch loss and unbalanced amplitude. The 45 • phase shifter was eliminated and instead incorporated into the quadrature hybrid coupler in [14] or into the crossover in [15]. Because crossover manufacturing is a bit complicated, more accuracy is required to minimize loss, which results in increased expenses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Wideband Beamforming Antenna for 5G Applications by Eliminating the Phase Shifters and Crossovers from the Butler Matrix

Bembarka¹,

Setti²,

Tribak³

et al. 2023

PIER C

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In this study, a novel Switched Beam Antenna (SBA) system is proposed and experimentally validated for C-band applications. The system is made up of a 4 × 4 Butler matrix, whose outputs are connected to four square-looped radiator antenna elements. The originality of the proposed work depends on the construction of a miniaturized beamforming network with minimal complexity, low loss, and low expense. Moreover, designing a system with a broad frequency range enables its use in a variety of applications. Miniaturization is achieved by eliminating the crossover and integrating the 45 • shifter into the 90 • hybrid coupler, as well as tilting the antenna array (i.e., making the Butler matrix output and the feed line of the antenna element orthogonal). The simulated results of the phase difference between the suggested Butler matrix outputs closely match the −45 • -135 • theoretical calculations. The SBA measured results show a wide bandwidth and low insertion loss of 63.64% (4.21-8.14 GHz) and −4.89 dB, respectively. Four orthogonal beams are produced by the proposed structure's input ports 1-4 when they are excited. These beams are aligned at angles of −10 • , 60 • , −60 • , and 10 • at 5.7 GHz.

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“…Thus, the switched beamforming antenna system is more preferred when precise and continuous beam steering function is not necessarily required, whereas implementation cost and producibility are of 2 of 11 more importance. Passive beamforming matrices such as Blass matrix [3], Nolen matrix [4], and Butler matrix [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] are generally adopted for the switched beamforming antenna system. Among them, the Butler matrix is more widely used due to its wideband characteristic and simple structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The previous techniques can be categorized into a single-layer substrate based design [5][6][7] and a multi-layer substrate based design [8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. For the single-layer substrate designs, several techniques, such as a higher characteristic impedance transmission line based design [5], a directional coupler employing lumped components [6], and an artificial transmission line employing quasi-lumped elements and discontinuities structure [7], were effective for the miniaturization. Nevertheless, since the Butler matrix and the antenna elements were put on the same plane, the spurious radiation leaking from the Butler matrix toward the antenna was a serious issue because it adversely affected the total radiation pattern.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Miniaturized Butler Matrix Based Switched Beamforming Antenna System in a Two-Layer Hybrid Stackup Substrate for 5G Applications

et al. 2019

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This work presents a Butler matrix based four-directional switched beamforming antenna system realized in a two-layer hybrid stackup substrate for 28-GHz mm-Wave 5G wireless applications. The hybrid stackup substrate is composed of two layers with different electrical and thermal properties. It is formed by attaching two layers by using prepreg, in which the circuit components are placed in both outer planes and the ground layers are placed in the middle. The upper layer that is used as antenna substrate has εr = 2.17, tanδ = 0.0009 and h = 0.254 mm. The lower layer that is used as a Butler matrix substrate has εr = 6.15, tanδ = 0.0028 and h = 0.254 mm. By realizing the antenna array on the lower-εr layer while the Butler matrix on the higher-εr layer, the Butler matrix dimension is significantly reduced without sacrificing the array antenna performance, leading to significant overall antenna system size reduction. The two-layer substrate approach also significantly suppresses parasitic radiation leaking from the Butler matrix toward the antenna side, allowing overall radiation pattern improvement. The fabricated beamforming antenna is composed of 1 × 4 patch antenna array and a 4 × 4 Butler matrix. The measured return loss is lower than −8 dB at all ports in 28-GHz. It demonstrates the switched beam steering toward four distinct angles of—16°, +36°, −39°, and +7°, with the sidelobe levels of −12, −11.7, −6, and −13.8 dB, respectively. Antenna gain is found to be about 10 dBi. Due to the two-layer hybrid stackup substrate, the total antenna system is realized only in 1.7λ × 2.1λ, which shows the smallest form factor compared to similar other works.

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Design and Analysis of Swapped Port Coupler and Its Application in a Miniaturized Butler Matrix

Cited by 44 publications

References 14 publications

Compact, Ultra-Wideband Butler Matrix Beamformers for the Advanced 5G Band FR3 – Part I

Compact, Ultra-Wideband Butler Matrix Beamformers for the Advanced 5G Band FR3 – Part I

A Novel Wideband Beamforming Antenna for 5G Applications by Eliminating the Phase Shifters and Crossovers from the Butler Matrix

A Miniaturized Butler Matrix Based Switched Beamforming Antenna System in a Two-Layer Hybrid Stackup Substrate for 5G Applications

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