“…The hybrid excited PMVM was proposed in order to regulate flux in both directions, which have all of their excitation sources on the stator, thus it helps in regulating the temperature rise of magnets [7]. Axial flux PMVMs to improve power factor, and torque density and minimize the torque ripples by using spoke-type PM, notched-shaped PM and two-stage parallelogram-shaped PM were proposed in [8]. Although PMVMs generate very high torque but the issues associated with these machines are high-cost permanent magnets and their wide-speed operation Vernier reluctance machines (VRMs) are magnet-free machines and hence are less expensive as compared to the PMVMs.…”