“…Most of those developments were considered in 2D FEM formulations with elastoplastic constitutive laws for concrete and steel. In these formulations, the reinforcement bars are taken into account by 1D finite elements embedded in the concrete plane elements and distributed along the longitudinal and transversal directions, as shown in the works of Bhatt and Kader [6], Martín-Perez and Pantazopoulou [23], He and Kwan [16], El-Ariss [11], Oliver et al [27], Frantzeskakis and Theillout [13], Soltani et al [31], Maitra et al [22], Belletti et al [5], Ince et al [17] and Nogueira [26].…”