Descriptive epidemiology of intravenous heroin users—A new risk group for transmission of HIV in India

Sarkar, Swarup; Mookerjee, P.; Roy, Anuradha; Naik, T. N.; Singh, Jaspal; Sharma, Anju; Singh, Yasmin; Singh, Parveen; Tripathy, Sarthak; Sc, Pal

doi:10.1016/0163-4453(91)92364-b

Cited by 45 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…Rates of HIV among injecting drug users in Myanmar were found to be the highest in the world -74% in Rangoon, 84% in Mandalay and 91% in Myitkyina 18 . The rate of HIV among intravenous heroin users was also high (23%) in Manipur and some other districts of India which bordered Myanmar at the northeast 13,23 . In contrast, injecting drug use is relatively uncommon in Bangladesh, and, if present, must be limited among a few affluent people.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…India is in the phase of rapidly rising prevalence of HIV with an estimated 4 million cases. Most cases in India are reported from Moombai (Bombay), the largest seaport, Pune (near Moombai), Tamil Nadu, the south coastal province, and Manipur, the province bordered by Myanmar [10][11][12][13] . However, the number of cases varied from none to an increasing figure in other states [14][15][16][17] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh: a national surveillance

Islam

Mitra

Mian³

et al. 1999

Int J STD AIDS

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Nationwide surveillance of HIV/AIDS from 1989 through 1996 in Bangladesh included several risk groups such as professional blood donors, patients with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), pregnant women at antenatal clinics, commercial sex workers (CSWs), patients with tuberculosis, long-distance truck drivers, sailors, and non-residents. The population was enrolled by convenience sampling after taking informed consent. Among 70,676 persons tested, 80 (1.13 per 1000) were HIV positive. The prevalence rate was steady until 1994, and then increased rapidly. The rate among male heterosexuals was significantly higher than that in females (3.40 per 1000 versus 0.29 per 1000; odds ratio (OR) 11.60; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 6.45 to 21.16; P<0.0001). Twelve per cent of patients with STDs had HIV. The HIV cases concentrated in 2 districts, Sylhet (25/72) and Chittagong (20/72), that border India and Myanmar (formerly Burma), respectively. Frequent movement of people of Bangladesh to India, Pakistan, Myanmar and Thailand, where HIV rates are higher, is one of the possible sources of spread of the cases. Bangladesh has the potential to avert epidemic spread of HIV at its early stage.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh: a national surveillance

Islam

Mitra

Mian³

et al. 1999

Int J STD AIDS

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“…Epidemiologically, it appears to be at the beginning of epidemic and it is a matter of time to observe further rise. Situation could be disastrous like what was observed in Manipur during 1990 and subsequently [1,2,3], as all the factors exist here, that are in favour of HIV transmission further. Efforts must be made at local, national and international level for its control and all bordering countries need to work hand in hand understanding it's international relevance in HIV transmission dynamics.…”

mentioning

confidence: 87%

Cross border HIV epidemic among injecting drug users of Himalayan West Bengal

et al. 2005

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“…Easy availability has led to a high prevalence of intravenous drug abuse and a very high rate of infection with HIV in the young men in this province. In a 1991 survey of 450 addicts (95% male, median age 24 years), 54% were positive for HIV (Sarkar et al 1991). By 1993, over 70% were estimated to be positive (Sarkar et al 1993).…”

Section: Intravenous Drug Users and Multitransfused Peoplementioning

confidence: 99%

HIV and India: looking into the abyss

Пайс

1996

Tropical Med Int Health

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Summary Serosurveillance of high risk groups started in India in October 1985. The first positive case were detected in 1986. As of mid‐1994, official figures stood at 15 000 HIV positive cases and 559 cases of AIDS. This is most certainly an underestimate because of under reporting. Among high risk groups, prevalence has risen rapidly. Between 1986 and 1994, prevalence has risen from 1.6 to 40.0% in sex workers, 1.4 to 40% in STD clinics and 0 to 70% in i.v. drug abusers in various studies. The penetration into the general population is uncertain. As in Africa, infection has been mainly by heterosexual intercourse, with commercial sex workers, long distance truck drivers and migrant labour serving as vehicles of spread. Other routes of infection are transfusion of blood and blood products and i.v. drug use. Dependence on professional blood donors is the main cause of infected blood supplies. Ninety per cent of cases with HIV infection are aged between 15 and 45 years and belong to socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. The male to female ratio is 5:1, with female cases being mainly sex workers. The predominant virus is HIV‐1 but cases with HIV‐2 and mixed infection are being reported from port cities. The present situation in India is similar to the early pattern in Africa where a sharp increase in seroprevalence among high risk groups was followed by spread to the general population. Clinical AIDS is still infrequent. From experience so far, pulmonary tuberculosis has been the most common clinical presentation. So far AIDS associated tuberculosis has responded to standard therapy but the development of multi‐drug resistant mycobacteria and their spread to the large tuberculous population in the country is a potential threat. Key factors of AIDS/HIV prevention are public education and counselling about the infection and safe sex practices, especially in high risk groups; STD control; promotion of voluntary blood donation and adequate screening of blood products and general and equitable progress in the economic development of the country and its people—much high risk behaviour is driven by poverty.

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Descriptive epidemiology of intravenous heroin users—A new risk group for transmission of HIV in India

Cited by 45 publications

References 14 publications

HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh: a national surveillance

HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh: a national surveillance

Cross border HIV epidemic among injecting drug users of Himalayan West Bengal

HIV and India: looking into the abyss

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