Description of fluid flow through spacers in flat-channel filtration systems

Geissler, S.; Heits, H.; Werner, Udo

doi:10.1016/s0015-1882(97)84109-2

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…(a) The feed flows through a stack of channels separated by alternating CEMs and AEMs, across which a current is applied. These channels are filled with spacer material that physically separates the membranes, promotes turbulent mixing, and inhibits ICP and the formation of laminar boundary layers near the membranes. , The concentration profiles of the ions exhibit axial growth of boundary layers of depletion and enrichment in the diluate and concentrate channels, respectively. Adapted with permission from ref .…”

Section: Electrokinetic Separationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Methods for Water Purification, Ion Separations, and Energy Conversion

et al. 2022

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Agricultural development, extensive industrialization, and rapid growth of the global population have inadvertently been accompanied by environmental pollution. Water pollution is exacerbated by the decreasing ability of traditional treatment methods to comply with tightening environmental standards. This review provides a comprehensive description of the principles and applications of electrochemical methods for water purification, ion separations, and energy conversion. Electrochemical methods have attractive features such as compact size, chemical selectivity, broad applicability, and reduced generation of secondary waste. Perhaps the greatest advantage of electrochemical methods, however, is that they remove contaminants directly from the water, while other technologies extract the water from the contaminants, which enables efficient removal of trace pollutants. The review begins with an overview of conventional electrochemical methods, which drive chemical or physical transformations via Faradaic reactions at electrodes, and proceeds to a detailed examination of the two primary mechanisms by which contaminants are separated in nondestructive electrochemical processes, namely electrokinetics and electrosorption. In these sections, special attention is given to emerging methods, such as shock electrodialysis and Faradaic electrosorption. Given the importance of generating clean, renewable energy, which may sometimes be combined with water purification, the review also discusses inverse methods of electrochemical energy conversion based on reverse electrosorption, electrowetting, and electrokinetic phenomena. The review concludes with a discussion of technology comparisons, remaining challenges, and potential innovations for the field such as process intensification and technoeconomic optimization.

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Section: Electrokinetic Separationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Methods for Water Purification, Ion Separations, and Energy Conversion

et al. 2022

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“…In electrodialysis processes, the fluid flow mainly takes place in flat channels with rectangular cross-sections, where the membranes form the walls and the channels are filled with spacer material. The spacers act as mechanical stabilisers for the channel geometry and promote turbulence, which reduces the polarisation phenomena near the membranes, reducing the laminar boundary layer and increasing the mass transfer coefficient [10]. The spacer design itself has therefore a great effect on the process costs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-layer spacer geometries with improved mass transport

Balster

Punt

Stamatialis

et al. 2006

Journal of Membrane Science

113

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“…The boundary layer resistance approaches values equal to the membrane resistance or even higher and hence it contributes to the overall resistance [1]. Nowadays, in these processes, additional mixing is induced by turbulence promoting spacers placed in between the membranes or using air sparging [2][3][4][5][6][7]. Recently novel spacers having a multilayer structure (sandwich of spacers containing a bigger spacer in the middle with two thin outside spacers) were developed [8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The spacer design itself has great effect on the process costs and has been investigated intensively in recent years [3,[8][9][10]. The spacers act as mechanical stabilisers for the channel geometry and promote turbulence, which reduces the polarisation phenomena near the membranes, reducing the laminar boundary layer and increasing the mass transfer coefficient [2]. As mentioned before, another way of promoting turbulence in the channel is air sparging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%