Description of Ethylene Oxide Adducts

Schönfeldt, N.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-012819-1.50009-7

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 448 publications

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“…The studies proved that maximum detergency is closely related to CMC values of surfactants used in laundry detergent formulations, as described by investigators in other research studies. 38,79,80 At the concentration of 45-50 g/L, a second increase in detergency occurred due to the synergistic effect of active ingredients other than surfactants. The SEM images showed that after the washing processes in laundry detergent solutions at high concentration of 50 g/L, the cotton fibers contained some cracks and holes and none of the detergents removed more than 50% of the dirt in the form of black carbon and olive oil.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The phenomena can be explained by the fact that a particular interaction with micelles occurs with long-chain chemical compounds containing terminal polar groups whereby the dirt enters the layer of the micelles. 79 Under the influence of cryoscopic forces, the detergent and water penetrate the dirt and peptize it. An increased rate of diffusion occurs due to the large temperature coefficient of detergency.…”

Section: Laundry Detergentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Correlation analysis between particulate soil removal and surface properties of laundry detergent solutions

Kalak

Cierpiszewski

2015

Textile Research Journal

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The purpose of this study is to correlate surface properties of laundry detergents and model surfactant solutions with their washing abilities. For the study, laundry detergents available on the Polish market were selected and categorized according to their retail price: the cheapest (P1, P2, P3), average priced (P4, P5, P6, P7, P8) and the most expensive (P9, P10). Anionic sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and nonionic nonaethylene glycol monodecyl ether were used for the preparation of the model solutions. The content of the anionic and nonionic surfactants in the detergents was determined. Cotton fabrics were soiled with black carbon/olive oil, make-up, curry, red wine, tomato sauce, blood, chocolate, peat, tea, -carotene, grass, animal fat/red dye, baby food, clay, butter and used engine oil. Detergency tests were carried out at a temperature of 40 C in laboratory conditions using washing powders and model surfactant solutions in various concentrations. On the basis of the correlation between detergency and detergent properties, the most favorable size range of powder granules was identified. The negative correlation between contact angle, surface tension and detergency and the positive relationship between phosphorus pentoxide and active oxygen content, spreading coefficient, diffusion coefficient and detergency were determined. The closest correlation between surfactant content and detergency was observed at a concentration of 10 g/L, which resulted in maximum detergency. When the emulsifying properties were better, their soil removal efficiency was greater. Based on the analysis of the correlation, the characteristics of the tested laundry detergent solutions that had the greatest ability to remove dirt were described.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Laundry Detergentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation analysis between particulate soil removal and surface properties of laundry detergent solutions

Kalak

Cierpiszewski

2015

Textile Research Journal

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“…Table also lists the results of HLBs for the GOs. One can see that the HLB value of the GO2–COOH is 9.6, very close to 10, which is the character transition point between the W/O and O/W surfactants . This indicates that GO2–COOH has a stronger ability to reduce the interfacial tension.…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Actually, due to the amphiphilic nature of GO, the stabilization ability to GO at the liquid−liquid interface might also be related to its hydrophilic and lipophilic balance. 17 Thus, we introduced the surfactant hydrophilic− lipophilic balance (HLB) to describe the HLB value of GOs (GO−COOH) by using Kawakami's equation, 94 HLB M M 7 11.7 log W O = + (7) where M W and M O are the molecular weights of the hydrophilic and lipophilic parts of GO−COOH, respectively. The change of the HLB value from 0 to 20 can characterize the transition of corresponding surfactants from water-in-oil (W/O) to oilin-water (O/W) surfactants.…”

Section: Msdxymentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Insight into the Adsorption Thermodynamics and Interfacial Behavior of GOs at the Liquid–Liquid Interface

Yang

2021

J. Phys. Chem. B

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The adsorption of two-dimensional (2-D) graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets at liquid−liquid interfaces has broad technological implications from functional material preparations to oil−water emulsification. Molecular-level understanding of the adsorption thermodynamics and the interfacial behavior is of great significance. Here, the adsorption free energy of GO nanosheets at the water−cyclohexane system was simulated, in which the effect of oxygencontaining groups and deprotonation has been investigated. It was observed that the neutral GO (GO−COOH) has obvious interfacial activity with a reduction of interfacial tension, while the deprotonated GO (GO−COO − ) shows a weak interface affinity. There exists an optimal oxidization degree that could cause the best interfacial stability, which is attributed to the balance of interfacial hydrophilic−hydrophobic interactions. The interaction arising from water is the main factor determining interfacial activity. The interfacial morphology and dynamics of GO nanosheets have also been simulated, in which an anisotropic 2-D translation and rotation along the interface were revealed. Our simulation results provide new insight into the adsorption mechanism and dynamics behavior of GO at the oil−water interface.

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“…Surfactants are not present as extended molecules in aqueous and nonpolar solutions. The latter is evident from early X-ray studies on aqueous and benzene solutions which showed that due to the mutual attraction of oxygen atoms, the polyoxyethylene chain adapts a contracted meander conformation at a crossover EO number 9 (Schönfeldt, 1969). Such a conformation would impart greater lipophilicity to the chain.…”

Section: Conformational Lipophilicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

A simple method for predicting alkane‐water partition coefficients of surfactants

Sevastos

Baker

Taylor

2021

J Surfact & Detergents

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Alkane/water (logP alk ) partitioning systems are gaining relevance in applied surfactant science but there is still a challenge to calculate logP alk values for surfactants. In this contribution, a simple method of calculating logP alk at sub-micellar concentrations for a wide range of nonionic surfactants is presented, using a linear combination of octanol/water partition and hydrogen-bonding contribution parameters of surfactants. These two parameters can be easily calculated using many commercial or open-access software packages. The model requires a critical folding chain length factor to account for entropic effects arising from conformational behavior of the ethylene-oxide chain for alcohol ethoxylate surfactants. This observation is substantiated by conducting a conformational lipophilicity study by molecular dynamics simulations of two alkylphenol ethoxylates as model surfactants. Polydispersity is not seen as a major factor in calculating the logP alk of surfactants. The model is shown to outperform previously published methods and can be applied directly in surfactant research and regulatory submissions when experimental data are not available.

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Description of Ethylene Oxide Adducts

Cited by 13 publications

References 448 publications

Correlation analysis between particulate soil removal and surface properties of laundry detergent solutions

Correlation analysis between particulate soil removal and surface properties of laundry detergent solutions

Molecular Insight into the Adsorption Thermodynamics and Interfacial Behavior of GOs at the Liquid–Liquid Interface

A simple method for predicting alkane‐water partition coefficients of surfactants

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