Description of anisotropic material response of wire and arc additively manufactured thin-walled stainless steel elements

Numerical Modelling of the World's First Metal 3D Printed Bridge

“…In the elastic range, the orthotropic plane stress material response was replicated using the *ELASTIC, TYPE=LAMINA command [26], with the shear modulus G12 calculated according to Equation (3) [37,38]:…”

“…The irregular geometry was found to be somewhat influential, resulting in decreases in the effective Young's modulus and strength of the as-built coupons relative to the underlying material. The anisotropy of the material and the weakening effect of the asbuilt geometry were accounted for in the numerical simulations through the use of an orthotropic plane stress material model in conjunction with the optimised effective mechanical properties [23,37] of the as-built material.…”

“…The values of the stress ratios that were used as input in ABAQUS [26] are summarised in Table 5, where i = 1, 2 and 3 correspond to the 0°, 90° and through thickness directions, respectively, as per Figure 5. Further details of the development and calibration of the adopted material model can be found in [37]. Note that residual stresses and material defects, beyond those implicitly incorporated in the tensile coupon specimens, were not taken into consideration.…”

“…The yield (0.2% proof) stress σ0.2 corresponding to θ = 0°, as defined in Figure 4, was selected as the reference yield stress σ0, while the shear yield stress τ0,12 was approximated as σ0/√3. Note that for plane stress conditions, as assumed herein, R13 and R23 can be set equal to unity [37,38]. The values of the stress ratios that were used as input in ABAQUS [26] are summarised in Table 5, where i = 1, 2 and 3 correspond to the 0°, 90° and through thickness directions, respectively, as per Figure 5.…”

Structural Response of Wire Arc Additively Manufactured Steel Bolted Connections under Single Shear

“…Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) belongs to the directed energy deposition (DED) family of additive manufacturing methods and can be used to build large scale elements in an efficient manner [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. The advantages of this innovative technology over conventional manufacturing methods, which include enhanced geometric versatility, increased automation and reduced material consumption [7,10], render WAAM capable of bringing about a step-change to the modus operandi of the construction industry.…”