Describing and Assessing Image Descriptions for Visually Impaired Web Users with IDAT

Nganji, Julius T.; Brayshaw, Mike; Tompsett, Brian C.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-31603-6_3

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Alternative texts (alt text) are descriptions of images that are added to an image in a PDF document to help screen reader users understand what the image is all about. A good description facilitates understanding of the image (Nganji, Brayshaw, & Tompsett, ).…”

Section: Methods and Toolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An assessment of the accessibility of PDF versions of selected journal articles published in a WCAG 2.0 era (2014–2018)

Nganji

2018

Learned Publishing

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Two hundred portable document format (PDF) articles from four Web of Science-indexed disability-related journals were analysed to assess their accessibility. Fifty articles from each journal published between 2014 and 2018 were examined using expert manual inspection, Adobe Acrobat Pro XI, PDF Accessibility Checker 3 and NVDA screen reader. Results show that only 15.5% of the documents were tagged, only 10.5% had alternative text for images, 74.5% had bookmarks to facilitate navigation, and 87% had meaningful titles in their title fields. However, image alternative texts were meaningless, and title fields were not displayed when the document was open. However, all the documents had accessibility permissions enabled; hence, they could be read with Adobe Acrobat Pro XI Read OutLoud feature and NVDA screen reader. All the articles had an alternative HTML version of their full text in the same location on their website as the PDF versions. The inconsistency with which each PDF was produced suggests the need for an improvement in the workflow process to improve accessibility.

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Section: Methods and Toolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An assessment of the accessibility of PDF versions of selected journal articles published in a WCAG 2.0 era (2014–2018)

Nganji

2018

Learned Publishing

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“…In order for people with visual impairments to be able to perceive information presented in non-text elements such as images, a meaningful and appropriate description needs to be supplied. If this is not done, users who depend solely on screen readers will not be able to understand the information presented in the graphics (Nganji et al, 2013a). This important requirement of adding alternative texts is related to WCAG 2.0 Success Criterion 1.1.1: Non-text Content.…”

Section: The Images In the Document Have Alternative Textsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Systems that anticipate their use by people with disabilities and are thus designed to accommodate their needs are disability-aware systems. By contrast, where accessibility considerations are not incorporated into the design of systems, for example, where there are no alternative texts for images, it becomes difficult for assistive technology users to understand the information presented (Nganji et al, 2013a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

The Portable Document Format (PDF) accessibility practice of four journal publishers

Nganji

2015

Library & Information Science Research

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“…In this paper we will deal with how we can personalise this choice mechanism. The first part of the paper represents a generalisation of work on personalisation for special needs [1][2][3][4][5][6] to employ an Ontology-Based Community of Agents for Personalisation of Services for students in general. The second part looks at how we can use same mechanisms to personalise group project undertakings and assessment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Collaborative Hybrid Agent Provision of Learner Needs Using Ontology Based Semantic Technology

Brayshaw

Nganji

Gordon

2017

Learning and Collaboration Technologies. Technology in Education

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This paper describes the use of Intelligent Agents and Ontologies to implement knowledge navigation and learner choice when interacting with complex information locations. The paper is in two parts: the first looks at how Agent Based Semantic Technology can be used to give users a more personalised experience as an individual. The paper then looks to generalise this technology to allow users to work with agents in hybrid group scenarios. In the context of University Learners, the paper outlines how we employ an Ontology of Student Characteristics to personalise information retrieval specifically suited to an individual's needs. Choice is not a simple "show me your hand and make me a match" but a deliberative artificial intelligence (AI) that uses an ontologically informed agent society to consider the weighted solution paths before choosing the appropriate best. The aim is to enrich the student experience and significantly re-route the student's journey. The paper uses knowledge-level interoperation of agents to personalise the learning space of students and deliver to them the information and knowledge to suite them best. The aim is to personalise their learning in the presentation/format that is most appropriate for their needs. The paper then generalises this Semantic Technology Framework using shared vocabulary libraries that enable individuals to work in groups with other agents, which might be other people or actually be AIs. The task they undertake is a formal assessment but the interaction mode is one of informal collaboration. Pedagogically this addresses issues of ensuring fairness between students since we can ensure each has the same experience (as provided by the same set of Agents) as each other and an individual mark may be gained. This is achieved by forming a hybrid group of learner and AI Software Agents. Different agent architectures are discussed and a worked example presented. The work here thus aims at fulfilling the student's needs both in the context of matching their needs but also in allowing them to work in an Agent Based Synthetic Group. This in turn opens us new areas of potential collaborative technology.

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Describing and Assessing Image Descriptions for Visually Impaired Web Users with IDAT

Cited by 16 publications

References 13 publications

An assessment of the accessibility of PDF versions of selected journal articles published in a WCAG 2.0 era (2014–2018)

An assessment of the accessibility of PDF versions of selected journal articles published in a WCAG 2.0 era (2014–2018)

The Portable Document Format (PDF) accessibility practice of four journal publishers

Collaborative Hybrid Agent Provision of Learner Needs Using Ontology Based Semantic Technology

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