Describing a New Mechanism of Retinal Detachment Secondary to Ophthalmic Artery Vasospasm Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: An Experimental Study

Abstract

Background The pterygopalatine ganglion (PPG) and ophthalmic arteries (OpAs) have important roles in ocular autoregulation and retinal and visual functions. The relationship between PPG neuron density, OpA vasospasm, and retinal detachment in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has never been studied. Methods This study was conducted on 25 rabbits. Five animals were in the control group (GI; n = 5), five in the sham group (GII; n = 5), and 15 in the study group (GIII; n = 15). After injection of 1 cc serum saline into the cisterna magna in the sham group, and autologous blood in the SAH group, the animals were followed for 3 weeks. All animals underwent a retinal examination five times a week for 3 weeks before and after the experiment. After the experiment, the neuron density of PPGs of the facial nerves, vasospasm index (VSI) of OpAs, and total basal surface values of the detached retinal parts (DRPs) were calculated. Results In the funduscopic examination, intravitreous hemorrhage ( Terson's syndrome) was detected in four animals in the SAH group. In the control groups, neuron density was 12,000 ± 1,240/mm3, VSI = 0.345 ± 0.076, and DRP = 0 to 1.5 mm2. Mean neuron density was 9,450 ± 940/mm3, VSI = 1.645 ± 0.940, and DRP = 6.23 ± 1.61 mm2 in the sham group (p < 0.05). Neuron density was 6,890 ± 932/mm3, VSI = 2.92 ± 0.97, and DRP = 9.43 ± 2.54 mm2 in SAH group. Conclusion Mean neuron density, VSI of OpAs, and DRP values differed statistically significant between the SAH group and other groups (p < 0.005). There is an inverse relationship between PPG neurons and DRP. However, a direct relationship was observed between the mean VSI and DRP values.

Vascular Reactivity to Hypercapnia Is Impaired in the Cerebral and Retinal Vasculature in the Acute Phase After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

“…However, the clinical relevance in terms of DCI and neurological outcome of these findings still needs to be proven. In addition, further studies are needed to evaluate possible common mechanisms of impairment in both vascular beds for example by the spread of blood degradation products within the glymphatic space ( 41 ) or by autonomous nervous system dysfunction ( 42 ) in the acute and a chronic course of the disease.…”

The Difference of Disease Injury and Postoperative Recovery in the Occupational Characteristics of Thoracolumbar Fracture Patients: A Retrospective Study

“…This study first analyzed and compared the differences among the three groups. Due to the small sample size of the white‐collar worker group, after analyzing the epidemiological characteristics of patients in each group, subsequent difference analysis removed the white‐collar worker group to increase statistical credibility 16 . Equal sample sizes can give a greater power to detect differences 17 .…”

Delayed cerebral ischemia and therapeutic approaches after subarachnoid hemorrhage

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