Descending Autonomic Pathways in the Spinal Cord

Kerr, Frederick W. L.; Alexander, Shedden

doi:10.1001/archneur.1964.00460150019002

Cited by 64 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…or a reduction in the spontaneous base-line activity in the I renal nerve. Since the cuts extended into regions which may contain descending vasomotor pathways (Wang & Ranson, 1939;Kerr & Alexander, 1964) Weidinger, Fedina, Kehrel & Schaefer (1961) have recorded similar differences in the timing of these late reflexes. When central delays are determined this difference is much reduced but again the delay of the inferior cardiac nerve response is shorter by some 6-10 msec.…”

Section: Brain Stem To Cord Timingsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Central pathways of some autonomic reflex discharges

Coote¹,

Downman²

1966

The Journal of Physiology

110

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Section: Brain Stem To Cord Timingsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Central pathways of some autonomic reflex discharges

Coote¹,

Downman²

1966

The Journal of Physiology

110

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“…Previous experiments reported the discrepancies of SVP localization within the spinal cord among different species. SVPs are mainly located in the dorsal aspect of the lateral funiculus in humans (104,257), in extensive areas from ventral to dorsal aspects of the lateral funiculi in non-human primates (165), and between the dorsolateral sulcus and dental ligament in cats (196). In rodents, descending SVPs have been identified within the dorsolateral aspects of the spinal cord by using electrophysiological techniques (71,169,289) or neuronal tract tracing (144,157,324) (Fig.…”

Section: Supraspinal Cardiovascular Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autonomic Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury

Hou

Rabchevsky

2014

Comprehensive Physiology

172

112

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Spinal cord injury (SCI) results not only in motor and sensory deficits but also in autonomic dysfunctions. The disruption of connections between higher brain centers and the spinal cord, or the impaired autonomic nervous system itself, manifests a broad range of autonomic abnormalities. This includes compromised cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary, gastrointestinal, thermoregulatory, and sexual activities. These disabilities evoke potentially life-threatening symptoms that severely interfere with the daily living of those with SCI. In particular, high thoracic or cervical SCI often causes disordered hemodynamics due to deregulated sympathetic outflow. Episodic hypertension associated with autonomic dysreflexia develops as a result of massive sympathetic discharge often triggered by unpleasant visceral or sensory stimuli below the injury level. In the pelvic floor, bladder and urethral dysfunctions are classified according to upper motor neuron versus lower motor neuron injuries; this is dependent on the level of lesion. Most impairments of the lower urinary tract manifest in two interrelated complications: bladder storage and emptying. Inadequate or excessive detrusor and sphincter functions as well as detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia are examples of micturition abnormalities stemming from SCI. Gastrointestinal motility disorders in spinal cord injured-individuals are comprised of gastric dilation, delayed gastric emptying, and diminished propulsive transit along the entire gastrointestinal tract. As a critical consequence of SCI, neurogenic bowel dysfunction exhibits constipation and/or incontinence. Thus, it is essential to recognize neural mechanisms and pathophysiology underlying various complications of autonomic dysfunctions after SCI. This overview provides both vital information for better understanding these disorders and guides to pursue novel therapeutic approaches to alleviate secondary complications.

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“…In three, the lesions were too large to be useful in deducing the area within which the fibres lie. The other six cases are Nathan, Smith shown in fig 8. Two of these cases, shown in fig 9, are the most useful for delineating the area.…”

Section: Descending Fibres To Vasomotor Neuronsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The location of descending fibres to sympathetic preganglionic vasomotor and sudomotor neurons in man.

Nathan

Smith

1987

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

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SUMMARY Evidence is given of the location in the spinal cord of man of the central sympathetic fibres supplying vasomotor and sudomotor neurons of the body caudal to the head and neck. The evidence is based on anterolateral cordotomies. The fibres lie within the medial part of the equatorial plane, extending from the base of the posterior horn and the lateral horn across the medial half of the white matter. The evidence from a previous paper together with that of the present paper is that the pathway maintains this position throughout the spinal cord as far as the L 2 segment. The sympathomotor fibres caudal to the head and neck are supplied from both sides of the cord: sympathetic activity is not removed, although it may be slightly diminished, by a hemisection of the cord. The evidence suggests that sympathetic fibres for vasomotor control leave the cord cranial to the Th 7 segment. The knowledge of the location of the pathways is of value to neurosurgeons so that they may be avoided in the operation of anterolateral cordotomy.We have previously presented evidence of the course in man of the central sympathetic fibres that supply the neurons innervating the orbit and the sweat glands of the head and neck.' In the present paper, we present evidence on the further course of the fibres to the sympathetic preganglionic cell groups that supply vasomotor and sudomotor neurons to the rest of the body. From species other than man, we know that there are several parallel pathways, some excitatory, some inhibitory, which take origin in the hypothalamus, pons and medulla. Some of these fibres run directly, others relay in their course. The fibres that run to the intermediomedial and intermediolateral nuclei of the spinal cord, in the cat and the rat, take origin in the following nuclei: the paraventricular and parafascicular nuclei of the hypothalamus, the dorsal and medial periaqueductal gray of the midbrain, the pontine tegmentum, the locus coeruleus, the ventral part of the raphe nuclei, the nuclei of both tracti solitarii, cells surrounding the superior olive, the

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Descending Autonomic Pathways in the Spinal Cord

Cited by 64 publications

References 11 publications

Central pathways of some autonomic reflex discharges

Central pathways of some autonomic reflex discharges

Autonomic Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury

The location of descending fibres to sympathetic preganglionic vasomotor and sudomotor neurons in man.

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