Desalination technologies and their environmental impacts: A review

Hybrid Zinc Phthalocyanine/PVDF-HFP System for Reducing Biofouling in Water Desalination: DFT Theoretical and MolDock Investigations

“…Figure 6 shows the FTIR results for the nanofibers, displaying various key peaks responding to the vibrational modes of the functional groups present in both membra The vibrational peak at 486 cm⁻ 1 is characteristic of CF2 bending vibrations. The ba observed at 837 cm⁻ 1 and 879 cm⁻ 1 are associated with out-of-plane deformation vibration CH2 groups and CF2 stretching vibrations, while its swinging vibration is shown at 1179 c The vibrational peak at 1274 cm⁻ 1 is assigned to the bending and asymmetric stretch vibrations of the CF2 group. The peak observed at 1399 cm⁻ 1 was related to the wagging vi tion of CH2 or the stretching vibrations of the CF group.…”

“…The product was further purified using column chromatography on silica gel with CHCl 3 as the eluent. Yield: 58%; 1…”

“…Desalination technology has emerged as a critical solution to mitigate the rising global demand for freshwater, which is driven by factors such as population growth, industrialization, and climate change [ 1 ]. One of the major obstacles in desalination is the significant degradation of membrane processes along with water flux decline, known as biofouling, which significantly affects the operational costs and sustainability of desalination systems [ 2 ].…”

“…1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6), δ 8.16 (d, 1 H), 7.94 (s, 1 H), 7.58 (d, 1 H), 7.33(dd, 2 H), 7.09 (dd, 2 H), 2.61 (m, 2 H), 1.64 (m, 2 H), 0.94 (m, 3 H) ppm 13. C NMR (126 MHz, acetone-d6), δ 162.0, 154.30, 115.5, 108.90, 135.10, 121.80, 128.5, 122.5, 121.8, 134.4, 128.9,115.8,37.9, 24.1,13.7 ppm.…”

Solar-Driven Thermal and Mechanical Vapor Compressor Integrated Desalination System: Zero Emission, High Yield, and Cost Reduction

“…Out of this 3%, only a mere 0.5% is accessible to us, and the rest is in the oceans . To meet this freshwater scarcity, seawater desalination has emerged as a reliable method. , However, the desalination process is typically reliant on fossil fuel, leading to significant CO 2 emissions. It is estimated that a total of 76 million tons of CO 2 are emitted by the operational desalination plants worldwide, and this number is likely to increase to 218 million tons by 2040 .…”